<p>The H. G. Vaughn House is a historic summer estate house at 5 Sparhawk Road in Sherborn, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The stucco-clad Dutch Colonial Revival house was designed by the Boston firm of Little & Browne and built in 1915. The L-shaped building has a marble courtyard in the crook of the L. It has four Dutch-inspired gables rising on the red tile roof, with sweeping curves and angular edges. The interior is decorated with 18th- and 19th-century New England architectural elements salvaged from other buildings, and some of its walls are decorated with murals showing Roman ruins and Dutch street scenes. Henry G. Vaughn, the owner, was a prominent Boston lawyer.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 3, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Morse–Barber House is a historic house at 46 Forest Street in Sherborn, Massachusetts. Architectural evidence suggests that this -story frame house has at its core a First Period structure that may date to the early 1670s, making it the oldest building in Sherborn. The property also has a barn dating to the late 18th or early 19th century. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Morse–Barber House is located on the southeast side of Forest Street in southeaster Sherborn, just west of the Rocky Narrows Reservation and the railroad tracks. The house and accompanying barn are set close to the street, the house sheltered from the road by a fringe of trees. The main house is a -story wood-frame structure, five symmetrically placed bays in width, with a side-gable roof and a large central chimney. The western portion of the structure, a three-bay two-story section that is one room deep, may have been built around 1670 by Joseph Morse, the son of one of Sherborns first land grant recipients. Morses home is known to have been the site of the community&#39;s first religious services, until a proper meeting house was built in the 1680s. The house, which now has Federal and Greek Revival exterior styling, was in the Barber family from the mid-18th century to the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The barn is set northeast of the house and is oriented parallel to the road. It is a large structure, measuring about 40 x, with a gable roof and a large sliding door at the center of its main facade. Above this door is an extended multi-light rectangular transom window, with a sash window to the left of the door and another above in the gable. Attached to the building to the right of the door is a single-story equipment shed with two vehicle doors. The main barn matches in rough dimension a barn described in a 1798 inventory of the property; the attached shed is present in photographs from later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Edmund Dowse House is a historic house at 25 Farm Road in Sherborn, Massachusetts. The Greek Revival house was built in 1838 for the Rev. Edmund Dowse, the first pastor of the Evangelical Society , whose sone, William Bradford Homer Dowse, was a major benefactor of the town. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dowse House is set on the north side of Farm Road, an east-west through road leading east from Sherborn center. Facing east, it is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a side-facing gable roof and claobpard siding. The main entrance is in the rightmost bay, sheltered by a flat-roof portico with square Doric columns and Italianate brackets. A 1-1/2 story ell extends to the north side, and a two-story polygonal bay window projects on the south side.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1838, during a significant period of growth in the town. It was built for Rev. Edmund Dowse, who was the first pastor of the Evangelical Society (now Pilgrim Church), and served in that position for 67 years. He was also politically active, serving in the state legislature and on town civic bodies. His son, William Bradford Homer Dowse, was a successful lawyer and businessman, educated at Harvard and practicing patent law. He was a major benefactor to the town, funding construction of Dowse Memorial Library (now town hall, built 1914), and the Memory Statue, built 1924.</p><br>
<p>The Sawin–Bullen–Bullard House is a historic First Period house at 60 Brush Hill Road in Sherborn, Massachusetts. Of the towns early houses, this one shows its First Period origins the best. It is a 2-1/2 story timber frame house, was built with an integral leanto section. It is five bays wide, with a central chimney, and a central doorway that has a 19th-century Greek Revival surround. The houses date of construction, however, is uncertain: it may have been built by Thomas Sawin, who established a sawmill on nearby Course Brook in 1679, or it may have been built by the Bullen family, who were the next owners of the land early in the 18th century. It was occupied in the 19th century by Galem Bullard, a stonemason.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Sherborn Center Historic District is a historic district encompassing the civic heart and traditional center of Sherborn, Massachusetts. Its borders consist of Farm, Sawin, Washington, and North Main streets, Zions Lane, and the CSX railroad tracks. The district, while predominantly residential in character, also contains an important cluster of civic and religious buildings. Notable among these are the Dowse Memorial Building, a Tudor Revival structure built in 1914 to house the town library; it now houses town offices. It was donated by William Bradford Home Dowse, who also funded the construction of the 1924 Memory Statue, the towns memorial to its war dead. </p><br>
<p>Two churches stand in the district, both with original construction dates around 1930. The Pilgrim Church at 25 South Main Street was given an Italianate updating in the 1850s, while the First Parish Church at 11 Washington Street has Greek Revival styling. The Town Hall, located at 3 Sanger Street, is a rare unaltered example of the work of Worcester architects Boyden & Ball. It has classic Italianate styling, with deep, bracketed eaves, boldly quoined corners, and a cupola.</p><br>
<p>Only two things in the district survive from the early days of Sherborn, which was incorporated in 1674. Its first cemetery was laid out in 1689, and the older portion of the Flagg House (c. 1740) at 22 Washington Street is the only building in the center that predates 1750.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Andover Street Historic District is a linear residential historic district in the Belvidere neighborhood of eastern Lowell, Massachusetts. The district encompasses large, fashionable houses and estates that were built between the 1860s and the 1930s. It includes properties at 245—834 Andover Street, and at 569 and 579 East Merrimack Street. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Andover Street, designated Massachusetts Route 133, is the major roadway extending eastward from downtown Lowell toward Andover in a roughly straight line. To its north, East Merrimack Street also runs east-west, but follows the contours of the Merrimack River, which lies to its north, until it bends south and ends at a junction with Andover Street in far eastern Lowell. At one stretch the two roads are sufficiently close to one another that there are single properties abutting both of them. The district extends along this piece of road, from Andover Street&#39;s junction with Nesmith Street to the Tewksbury line. It is lined with generously sized lots, with house often set back 20 to 30 ft. Lot size tend to increase in size further east, reflecting grander properties that were developed later.</p><br>
<p>In the first major phase of the area&#39;s growth, between the 1860s and 1890s, Italianate and Queen Anne Victorian houses were built. These were followed from the 1890s the 1930s by a series of high quality Colonial Revival homes. Most of the later properties are of smaller size than the earlier buildings, although the quality of workmanship remained high. The oldest properties in the district are the Federal-style Harry F. Worcester House (658 Andover Street, built 1802) and The Manse at 282 Andover Street, a stone Gothic Revival structure built c. 1847. The Elijah Read House at 578 Andover Street is said to be the finest Italianate house in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Belvidere Hill Historic District encompasses a residential area on the east side of Lowell, Massachusetts known for its fine 19th-century houses. The area, roughly bounded by Wyman, Belmont, Fairview, and Nesmith Streets, was developed beginning in the 1850s, and was one of the finest neighborhoods in the city, home to many of its business and civic leaders. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Belvidere Hill is the highest point in the city of Lowell. Located on the citys east side, it is one of several glacial drumlin that characterize the citys geography east of the Concord River and south of the Merrimack River. Prior to its residential development, Belvidere Hill was farmland. In 1849, the Proprietors of Locks and Canals purchased land at the top of what was then called Lyndes Hill, and built a reservoir in order to provide water pressure to the citys industries when the power canals were drained for maintenance. Fairmount Road, built to facilitate construction of the reservoir, also became a spur to the hills residential development. The citys businessmen and political leaders found the hill a desirable place to live, in part because it provided views away from the heavily urbanized parts of the city.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is roughly bounded by Wyman, Belmont, Fairview, and Nesmith Streets. Fairmount Street is the principal spine of the district, running between Mansur Street and Evergreen Road. It also includes portions of Belmont and Nesmith Streets, which parallel Fairmount, and all of Talbot, Fairview, and Summit Streets, which are short streets between Fairmount and Belmont. The earliest houses built in the area are generally Italianate and Second Empire in their styling, and the area&#39;s development ended around the turn of the 20th century, when Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles were fashionable. Lot sizes are generally large (1/2 to 1 acre), and the houses often included a front drive and carriage house in the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Jerathmell Bowers House is a historic house, probably dating to the early 19th century, at 150 Wood Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jerathmell Bowers House stands in western Lowell, on the east side of Wood Street north of its junction with Westford Street. It is a 1-1/2 story Cape style house, with a gabled roof, central brick chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It is oriented with the gable end facing the street and the main facade facing south. The facade is five bays wide, with two windows on either side of a central entrance. All of these elements are placed asymmetrically, with the entrance slightly right of center. To the left of the main block is an early 19th-century three-season sunroom, and older ells (of 18th and 19th-century construction) extend to the right and back. The interior of the main block has a typical colonial-era four-room center-chimney layout, with the doorway leading into a narrow vestibule with a winding staircase providing access to the attic level.</p><br>
<p>The exact construction history of the earliest portions of the house is not known with certainty, though architectural details are consistent with an early 19th century date of construction. By the 1800s, the farm covered about 150 acre. During the early colonial period of Chelmsford, it was one of 19 garrison houses used for refuge by citizens during attacks by Native American tribes.</p><br>
<p>The area where the house stands became part of Lowell in the late 1820s, following the early development of mills on the Merrimack River. The house remained in the hands of Bowers descendants at least until the property was listed on the National Register in 1994. After advocating to keep the house, by the Lowell Heritage Partnership and Lowell Historical Society, the decision was made to save and stabilize the house. In November 2015 it was reported that the developers of the neighboring shopping center are going to start restoring the home in spring 2016.</p><br>
<p>The 1895 Lowell Post Office is a historic post office building at 89 Appleton Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. The imposing two-story granite building was completed in 1895 to a design by W. J. Edbrooke. The building has an H shape, and has a profusion of typical Richardsonian Romanesque features, included rounded arches over windows and a recessed entry. The focal point of the building is its five story square clock tower, which is topped by a pyramidal roof supported by tripled round arches on each face.</p><br>
<p>The building was used as a post office until 1936, when a new building on Kearney Square (now the F. Bradford Morse Federal Building) was put in service. This building continued to house federal offices until the 1970s, by which time its ownership had been transferred to the city. The city then used it for offices until the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It now houses a division of the Middlesex County juvenile court system.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Bowers House is a historic house at 58 Wannalancit Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. Built in 1872 for a local businessman, it is one of the most unusual houses in Massachusetts, being a circular masonry building with Second Empire styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jonathan Bowers House stands on the east side of Wannalancit Street, a residential street just east of the Pawtucket Canal west of downtown Lowell. It is set at the top of a low rise traversed by the north-south road. It is 2-1/2 stories in height, and is built out of locally quarried granite. It is circularl in shape, and is topped by a mansard roof with fish-scale slate shingles. At the center of the roof is a circular cupola with belvedere. The roof is pierced by pedimented gable dormers in a classic Second Empire style, and by a circular chimney.</p><br>
<p>The house was built on land long owned by the Bowers family, but was subdivided for development around 1850. It was built in 1872 by Jonathan Bowers, a local industrialist who owned a sawmill and a granite quarry, as well as an amusement park in nearby Tyngsborough. The materials to build the house (its exterior stonework and interior woodwork) came from Bowers businesses. Bowers occupied the house until 1879, after which it was owned by a dealer in plumbing and metals. From 1919 to 1924 it was owned by a French-American social club, the Club Lafayette. Returned to private ownership, it has since served mainly as a residence, also housing a small law office for a time. It is one of Lowells most unusual architectural landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The Brown–Maynard House is a historic house at 84 Tenth Street in Lowell, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a low-pitch hip roof topped by a cupola, clapboard siding, and a porch that wraps around the front and side of the house. The cupola is distinguished by tripled narrow round-arch windows on each side, and a bracketed roofline matching that of the main roof. The building&#39;s corners have paneled pilasters, and the windows are topped by decorative woodwork. The house was built c. 1852, probably for Samuel Brown, a supervisor at the Boott Mills, and is a fine local example of Italianate architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Colburn School is a historic former school building at 136 Lawrence Street in Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. Built in 1848, it is a fine example of institutional Greek Revival architecture, and is one of the citys older surviving school buildings, built during the rapid population growth that followed the citys industrialization. Now converted to apartments, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Colburn School is located on the east side of Lawrence Street, between it and the Concord River, in a densely-built residential area south of Lowell&#39;s downtown and industrial area. It is a large two story brick structure, rectangular in footprint, with a gable roof with the end facing the street. The gable end is fully pedimented, with modillions in the gable and main cornice. Windows are uniformly spaced, with simple granite sills and lintels. The buildings main entrances were historically on the north and south facades; they are sheltered by late 19th-century porticos, and the northern one is now the primary access.</p><br>
<p>The city of Lowell was incorporated in 1826, originally part of Chelmsford, and was rapidly industrialized, with construction of mills and industrial infrastructure begun in 1822. In the following decades the population grew rapidly, and the city built schools in the neighborhoods to serve the population. The Colburn School was built in 1848, named for Warren Colburn, a superintendent of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, and originally provided single classrooms for grades 1-3 on the ground floor, and 4-8 on the upper floor. In 1863 it was converted to a fully graded school, and its interior was reconfigured to house eight classrooms. In the 1890s it was also used as a teacher training facility. Lowell&#39;s school population began to decline in the 1920s, but the Colburn School remained in use as an elementary school until it was closed in 1992. The building has since been converted to apartments.</p><br>
<p>Petticoat Hill is the name of a 1,180 foot  hill and a 60 acre open space reservation located in Williamsburg, Massachusetts in the eastern Berkshire Mountains. The reservation, occupying the east side of the hill, is managed by The Trustees of Reservations , a non-profit conservation organization. The hill and reservation are characterized by steep slopes largely wooded with northern hardwood forest species, particularly eastern hemlock.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Petticoat Hill rises nearly 1,000 ft above downtown Williamsburg; its subordinate summits include Scott Hill, 1,027 ft (313 m), on which are located the reservation and trails; and Unquomonk Hill, (1,083 ft (330 m). The east and south sides of Petticoat Hill drain into Unquomonk Brook, thence into the Mill River, the Connecticut River, and Long Island Sound. The north and west sides of the hill drain into Meekin Brook, thence into the Mill River.</p><br>
<p>Petticoat Hill species include American black bear, coyote, and white-tailed deer. Flora includes spring wildflowers such as red trillium, trout lily, white baneberry, and wild ginger. Tree species include American basswood, black birch, hornbeam, Northern red oak, pignut hickory, shagbark hickory, red maple, sugar maple, white ash, and white pine. There are trees on the property that are over 100 ft tall and some that are 10 ft in diameter or more.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Petticoat Hill receives its name from a family of seven daughters, who, according to local tradition, lived on the hill and regularly hung their petticoats from a laundry line where they "wave in the wind visible for miles around when they did their laundry on Mondays."</p><br>
<p>By the early 19th century, the area around Petticoat Hill was the most populated section of Williamsburg. The current reservation property, except for a field of boulders, was mostly sheep pasture. When farming interests moved to the Midwest by the late 1800s, the hill gradually reverted to forest. Old stone walls, foundations, and cellar holes are the only remains of the hill&#39;s former use.</p><br>
<p>The east side of Petticoat Hill was donated to The Trustees of Reservations in 1906 by Mrs. Edward W. Nash in memory of her husband. Additional land was donated in 1924.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Petticoat Hill reservation is open to hiking, cross country skiing, picnicing, and hunting (in season); TTOR manages a 1.5 mi loop trail through the property. Another trail, Locke&#39;s Loop, is managed by the local non-profit Williamsburg Woodland Trails organization with permission from private landowners; it joins the reservation hiking trail near the summit of Scott Hill, passes over the crest, and descends through private property before returning to the reservation. No marked trails ascend to the actual summit of Petticoat Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building is a bank building located at 160 West Fort Street in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1913 the United States Congress created the Federal Reserve System, which established twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, including the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Detroit was included in the Chicago region. Regional banks had the authority to create branch offices, and in 1917 the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago authorized the establishment of a Detroit Branch. In March 1918, the Detroit Branch opened, operating out of three local institutions. However, Detroit operations soon outgrew this operation, and in 1921 a site was chosen for a new building.</p><br>
<p>This site was within the Detroit Financial District, at a location that had once been part of Fort Shelby. After the fort was demolished, the land associated with it was divided into lots. Hiram Walker purchased several lots and constructed a house there. After Walker&#39;s death, the University Club purchased the house, and in 1916 the property was purchased by James Couzens. Couzens sold the land this building is located on to the Federal Reserve in 1921. In 1926, Congress authorized the construction of this building. The Federal Reserve hired the Chicago firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White to design it, and construction began in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The building officially opened in December 1927. However, by the early 1940s, the branch office had outgrown the buildings capacity. In 1945, the Federal Reserve purchased lots adjacent to the building, and hired the firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls to design an annex. The firms head designer, Minoru Yamasaki, planned the building. Construction began in 1949, and by 1951, the eight-story glass-and-marble annex, was opened. The Modern annex is clearly designed not to mimic the original building, but to make a statement all its own. After completion of the annex, the original building was gutted and renovated, and the entire complex was opened in 1953.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the Federal Reserve Bank moved to a new building at 1600 East Warren Avenue, leaving the building on Fort empty. A developer purchased the building with the intention of creating loft space. However, Dan Gilbert purchased the building on January 30, 2012.</p><br>
<p>In February 2014, the Detroit Media Partnership, parent of the Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News, announced all three organizations would occupy six floors in both the old and new sections of the building. The partnership expected to place signs on the exterior similar to those on the former headquarters. The move took place October 24–27, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building consists of a 1927 three-and-one-half-story marble-faced Classical Revival bank building and a 1951 eight-story International Style Annex. The Annex is set back 30 feet from the front of the original building, and a small raised plaza is sited in front of the Annex and beside the original building. The floor levels of the two buildings are aligned, and the original building was gutted with the Annex was constructed, providing a seamless transition between the structures. The fourth floor of the original building was demolished to provide space for a penthouse projecting from the Annex, and a terrace for outdoor seating.</p><br>
<p>The original 1927 building measures 75 feet by 130 feet, and has a black marble base approximately four feet high, with the upper section sheathed in white marble. A heavy stringcourse above the second-story windows separates the lower floors from the third (attic) story. The first-floor windows are multi-paned six-over-six windows with a cast-iron spandrel between each pair. The second and third floors originally had one-over-one double-hung windows, but these have been replaced with a single pane. The original main entrance of the building was eliminated in the 1951 renovation.</p><br>
<p>The 1951 Annex measures 115 feet by 100 feet. The curtain walls are constructed from a grid of stainless steel from which 1-1/2" marble slabs are suspended. The ground floor is divided into seven bays by marble piers. The curtain walls on the upper floors extend three feet beyond the recessed ground floor piers. The white marble used in this structure was carefully chosen to match the color of the original building, and the glass was tinted green to reduce glare.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe Avenue Commercial Buildings, also known as the Monroe Block, is a historic district located along a block-and-a-half stretch at 16-118 Monroe Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, just off Woodward Avenue at the northern end of Campus Martius. The district was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 The National Theatre, built in 1911, is the oldest surviving theatre in Detroit, a part of the city&#39;s original theatre district of the late 19th century, and the sole surviving structure from the original Monroe Avenue Commercial Buildings of the Antebellum period.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The early buildings on the block were constructed in Victorian commercial style, designed by architects such as Sheldon and Mortimer Smith during the mid-to-late 19th century. The Johnson block, in particular, constituted what was at the time one of the last remaining blocks of pre-Civil War buildings in Detroit. In the nearby Randolph Street Commercial Buildings Historic District, the building at 1244 Randolph St. is a rare survivor from the 1840s. The Victorian styled Odd Fellows Building (1874) is located at the corner of Randolph and Monroe.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe buildings were occupied by numerous short-term tenants through the years, including grocers, confectioners, and saloons. In the early 20th century, a wave of European immigration brought jewelry shops, pawn shops, and tailors to the area.</p><br>
<p>At around the same time, the Campus Martius area was developing into the entertainment center of Detroit. The Detroit Opera House, then located on the north side of the Campus across Monroe Avenue from the buildings in this district, anchored the area, and, in 1901, the Wonderland vaudeville theatre moved next door.</p><br>
<p>The early 20th century was the dawn of the movie age, and in Detroit it began on Monroe Avenue. The first movie theater in Detroit, the Casino, was opened on Monroe Avenue in 1906 by John H. Kunsky. In addition, the Family Theater opened in 1914 in an older building in the district.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the Detroit cinema hub centered around Grand Circus Park, with nearby Monroe Avenue receiving less attention.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In early 1990, most of the aging structures were cleared away, leaving only the National Theater as a reminder of the history of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>The buildings that once stood in this site were a mix of pre- and post-Civil War architecture, along with a group of movie theaters from the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Second Williams Block (16-30 Monroe Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>John Constantine Williams, a member of one of Detroit&#39;s wealthiest mid-19th-century families and son of John R. Williams, Architect Mortimer L. Smith designed the building. The building originally served as an office building, with storefronts on the ground floor. In 1880, the upper floors of the building were converted into the Kirkwood Hotel, which survived for a decade under various management. The lower floors remained commercial space. The building reverted to office space in the 1890s, then reopened as the Hotel Campus (later the Hotel Fowler) in 1901.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, most of the building was completely gutted and converted into the 934-seat Family Theater; the Family was converted to show movies in 1914. The Family stayed open through much of the century, and was renamed the Follies in 1967. Six years later, in 1973, the Follies burned to the ground. The Follies section of the building (including four of the seven bay Williams Block) was demolished soon thereafter, leaving only the three western-most commercial and retail spaces. In the late 1970s the city vacated the property, and the remainder was demolished in early 1990.</p><br>
<p>The second Williams Block was five stories tall, divided into bays containing three windows per floor; each floor had slightly different window shapes. The building was constructed of brick, sheathed on the front with sandstone. A cast iron cornice and flat roof topped the structure. Belt courses were located above and below windows, and additional decoration consisted of bas relief carvings and cast iron entabulatures.</p><br>
<h3>First Williams Block (32-42 Monroe Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The first Williams block was built by John Constantine Williams in 1859, and was designed by architect Sheldon Smith. The building was originally used as an office building with commercial space on the first floor. In the late 1880s, the building was converted into a 52-room hotel, known first as the Stanwix, then as Gies&#39; European hotel, with a restaurant on the first floor. In 1909, the hotel and restaurant was renamed the Berghoff, then the Tuxedo, and, in 1919, the Frontenac. The Hotel Berghoff was owned by Wm. D. C. Moebs & Co. who were also the proprieters of the adjoining Berghoff Cafe. In December 1913 Wm. D.C. Moebs opened the Cafe Frontenac next to the Hotel Berghoff. In 1918 the name of the hotel was changed to the Tuxedo Hotel and Grill still under the same owners. The name change was short lived because in 1919 the businesses were called the Frontenac Restaurant and the Frontenac Hotel Company still under the ownership of Wm. D.C. Moebs, President. The Frontenac Hotel remained in business through 1960. Wm. D.C. Moebs died November 16, 1921 and the once grand Frontenac Restaurant was sold to pay back taxes in 1923. By 1940, the restaurant had been replaced again with retail space, which remained in the building until the city of Detroit vacated the property in 1978. The building was demolished in early 1990.</p><br>
<p>The first Williams block was five stories tall, constructed of red brick with a flat roof, and measured 60 feet by 100 feet. The Monroe Avenue facade was separated into three bays, each with three windows. Brick was used decoratively on the facade, and cast iron crowns over the windows and column capitals accented the elevation. The original cast iron cornice was removed in 1942.</p><br>
<h3>Columbia Theater (50 Monroe)</h3><br>
<p>The Columbia Theater was built in 1911 for John H. Kunsky, and designed by C. Howard Crane to seat over 1000 people. When built, the theater had its own pipe organ and house orchestra. The Columbia was closed in 1956, and has since been demolished.</p><br>
<h3>Johnson Block (52-54, 58, 62, 66-68, and 70-72 Monroe Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>Hiram R. Johnson purchased land along Monroe in 1852 and constructed a series of commercial buildings collectively known as the "Johnson Block." These buildings are the five located at 52-54, 58, 62, 66-68, and 70-72 Monroe Avenue.</p><br>
<p>All five buildings were constructed of brick and stood four stories tall, and were designed in a similar fashion. The first four (52-54, 58, 62, 66-68 Monroe) measured 20 feet wide and 100 feet deep, with three windows per story on the upper levels. The last building (70-72 Monroe) measured 30 feet wide and 100 feet deep, and was divided into two bays with two windows per bay on each story. Windows in all buildings were rectangular in shape with cast iron lintels featuring a scroll and urn motif. The buildings originally had a cornice at the top; these were removed in the 20th century, most in 1958. The buildings were demolished in early 1990.</p><br>
<p>Two of these five buildings were instrumental in the establishment of the movie theater business in Detroit. In 1905, William H Klatt opened a cent-odeon (similar to the nickelodeon) in a former furniture store at 62 Monroe. The next year, John H. Kunsky opened the first true movie house in Detroit, the Casino Theater, two doors away at 70-72 Monroe. Klatt quickly converted the Bijou into Detroits second movie house and reopened it later in 1906 as "The Bijou." The building remained a movie house for the next seventy years, changing its name to "The New Bijou" in 1918. In 1966, the New Bijou became "The Cinex," an adult movie venue; it closed in 1978. Kunskys Casino Theater, however, closed in 1915; later tenants in the space at 70-72 Monroe included the Famous Barrel Bar and Father and Son Shoes.</p><br>
<p>Tenants of the other Johnson Block buildings were primarily small commercial establishments and eateries. The tenants of 52-54 Monroe included a series of saloons in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a soft drink shop/restaurant from 1913–1928, and a series of clothing and shoe stores until the 1970s, when the building was vacated. The building at 66-68 Monroe housed an umbrella factory from 1888–1912, then a pawnbroker, shoe repair shop, men&#39;s clothiers, and a bookstore.</p><br>
<h3>74-78 Monroe Avenue</h3><br>
<p>The building at 74-78 Monroe was constructed in approximately 1852, fronting on both Monroe Avenue and Farmer Street. At the turn of the 20th century, a restaurant and saloon inhabited the first floor. Later tenants included a tailor, cigar store, and shoe stores. A barber shop operated continuously in the building from 1915 until the late 1970s, and a second-floor dentist&#39;s office existed from the 1920s through the late 1970s. The building was demolished in early 1990.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally virtually identical to the structure next door at 70-72 Monroe, including the cast iron lintels featuring an urn and scroll. The building was, however, set back four additional feet from Monroe Avenue. The building was four stories tall and constructed of red brick. Both the Monroe Avenue and Farmer Street facades had tall narrow windows with a combination of segmental and fully arched window tops, dcorated with projecting brick.</p><br>
<h3>Star (Royal) Theater (100-102 Monroe Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>This structure was built in 1907 as the Star Theater; it was designed by Frank G. Baxter and Henry A. O&#39;Dell. The Star operated for only a year; in 1908 the theater changed into the Theatre Royale, and in 1912 it changed to the Royal Theater. The Royal closed in 1922. Afterward, a variety of retail establishments were housed in the building, including a cigar store, jewelers, shoe store, tailor, and barber. The building was demolished in early 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Star was a four-story building, measuring 20 feet wide and 100 feet deep, constructed of red brick, with yellow brick veneer. A large arched window on the Monroe facade fills the third and fourth stories. This facade originally had a thick cornice supported by scrolled brackets, and a decorative arch above the entrance. Seven rectangular windows per story are on the Farmer elevation. The theater space originally took up both the first and most of the second stories, and thus there was only a single window on the second floor at the rear. However, in 1922 after the closure of the Royal, the second story was extended all the way forward to the Monroe facade, adding windows along the Farmer elevation.</p><br>
<h3>104-106 Monroe Avenue</h3><br>
<p>The building at 104-106 Monroe was constructed in approximately 1900. A saloon was the first tenant, followed by a tea store. For most of the life of the building, until it was vacated in the 1970s, ground-floor tenants included a lunch room and a clothing or shoe store. The building was demolished in early 1990.</p><br>
<p>The structure was four stories tall, 20 feet wide and 60 feet deep. The building originally had modest Italianate elements. However, the front facade was reworked in 1923, with the addition of white brick facing and alteration of the windows to large plates of glass.</p><br>
<h3>National Theatre (118 Monroe Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The 800-seat National Theater, built in 1911, is the only known theatre designed by Albert Kahn and the oldest surviving theatre from the city&#39;s original theatre district of the 19th century. It operated as a movie theater until the 1920s, when competition from larger movie houses forced a change to a vaudeville venue. The National survived as a burlesque and adult entertainment theater until it closed in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The front facade of the National is dominated by an enormous arch flanked with twin towers and covered with white and blue terra cotta tiles. The facade has hundreds of lightbulbs built in, which accentuate the architectural features when lit. The National Theater is an outstanding example of Modernistic design, boasting a pair of terra cotta latticework towers, arched art glass windows, and colored Pewabic tiles on the facade.</p><br>
<p>Mire Loch is a man made freshwater loch situated on St Abb&#39;s Head in the Scottish Borders, just over a kilometre NW of the village of St. Abbs at grid reference. The loch lies on land owned by the National Trust for Scotland  and is approximately 600 metres long by 50 metres at its widest point.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mire Loch was originally an area of marshy land within the St. Abbs Head Fault. The fault separated the hard volcanic rocks of St. Abbs Head from the softer sedimentary rocks of the mainland. The glacial channel which follows the fault is marked by a distinctive inland valley across the Head which was fed by rainwater from the high ground on both sides and formed a boggy area which drained into the sea.</p><br>
<p>Around the year 1900 it was decided to turn the boggy area into a recreation area. A dam was built to form a freshwater loch to be used for angling and waterfowl hunting, a nine-hole golf course was also constructed nearby. The use of the golf course was discontinued many years ago although there is some visible evidence of the old greens and tees. A boat house was built on the loch and this too has fallen into disrepair with most of the roof timbers now missing.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Today Mire Loch is a valued part of St. Abbs Head National Nature Reserve providing a home for freshwater birds such as little grebe, reed bunting, heron, mute swan, moorhen and sedge warbler. The fringing vegetation which is composed mostly of high reeds provides shelter and food for nesting birds as well as for migrants in spring and autumn. In early summer hundreds of herring gulls and kittiwakes bathe in the loch. In recent years the NTS has planted almost 1000 trees around the loch in an effort to provide extra cover for migrant birds. Most of these trees have been planted on the SW shore in a plantation dedicated to a diver who died off St. Abbs Head in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Eels, perch and stickleback all live in the loch which is also a breeding site for frogs and toads. The loch has footpaths around its shores and walkers are encouraged by the NTS to include a circuit of the loch during their visit to St. Abb&#39;s Head although there is a warning that the paths can be quite muddy after rain. The loch has a stepped outflow which only runs for only several metres before disappearing down a man made drain, finding its way underground to the North Sea which is just 500 metres to the SE.</p><br>
<p>Upuigma-tepui, also known as El Castillo, is a tepui in Bolívar state, Venezuela. A relatively isolated peak, both it and nearby Angasima-tepui lie just south of the vast Chimantá Massif, from which they are separated by the Río Aparurén valley. Upuigma-tepui is situated entirely within the bounds of Canaima National Park.</p><br>
<p>The imposing peak of Upuigma-tepui has an elevation of around 2,100 m. Its highly uneven summit is dotted with numerous rock towers and deep crevasses which make it practically impossible to traverse. Summit vegetation is predominantly in the form of tepui scrub and dense stands of herbaceous plants. The mountain has a summit area of 0.63 km&sup2; and an estimated slope area of 13 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The first people to climb Upuigma-tepui were John Arran, Ivan Calderon and Steve Backshall, in 2007. Upon reaching the summit, they discovered several previously unknown species of plants and animals.</p><br>
<p>The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, also called the Clearwater Cone Group, is a potentially active monogenetic volcanic field in east-central British Columbia, Canada, located approximately 130 km north of Kamloops. It is situated in the Cariboo Mountains of the Columbia Mountains and on the Quesnel and Shuswap Highlands. As a monogenetic volcanic field, it is a place with numerous small basaltic volcanoes and extensive lava flows.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is encompassed within a large wilderness park called Wells Gray Provincial Park. Five roads enter the park and provide views of some of the field&#39;s volcanic features.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Pleistocene epoch</h3><br>
<p>Based on radiocarbon and potassium-argon dating, volcanic activity in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field began in the early Pleistocene epoch, creating valley-filling and plateau-capping lava flows that have a total volume of approximately 25 km3. The emplacement of these lava flows spanned at least three periods of glaciation, evidence for which is preserved in the form of tuyas, ice-ponded valley deposits, and subglacial mounds. The few tuyas in the region, such as Gage Hill, Hyalo Ridge, McLeod Hill and Mosquito Mound, were formed when magma intruded into and melted a vertical pipe in the overlying glacial ice. The partially molten mass cooled as a large block, with gravity flattening its upper surface. The glacial erosion of the tuyas suggests they erupted during the early Pleistocene epoch.</p><br>
<p>At least one explosive subaqueous volcano formed during the Pleistocene epoch. This subaqueous volcano, known as White Horse Bluff, is thought to have formed in three phases. Its first phase of activity was involved with water, possibly dammed by glacial ice which filled the Clearwater River valley. The volcano heated glacial water then flooded down the volcano&#39;s vent, creating violent steam explosions and broken lava fragments. Once the steam explosions had subsided, the broken lava fragments settled back into the glacial water, creating the unvolcano-like form of White Horse Bluff which is mostly made of fragmental volcanic glass called hyaloclastite. The volcano ceased erupting soon after breaching the surface of the glacial water.</p><br>
<p>Other volcanic events elsewhere interacted with groundwater and magma creating numerous pit craters. Many of these pit craters have been filled with water creating several crater lakes. In some places glacial till and fluvial sands and gravels are maintained under the several lava flows that form the volcanic field. Paleosols are found, but are rare. Glaciation has left a thick blanket of till over nearly all of the volcanic deposits and therefore outcrop is largely limited to cliffforming exposures in several valleys.</p><br>
<h3>Holocene epoch</h3><br>
<p>At the end of the last ice age approximately 10,000 years ago, massive floods from the melting glacial ice carved deep canyons into the underlying plateau-capping lava flows. Most of these canyons contain rivers such as the Murtle and Clearwater, and waterfalls such as Canim Falls, Moul Falls, Spahats Falls and the 141 m high Helmcken Falls. The faces of the basaltic lava flows and waterfalls remain vertical due to the nature of the basaltic lava flows. Basaltic lava shrinks as it cools and forms vertical columns of rock called columnar basalt. More recently, the southern end of the volcanic field has experienced continuous volcanic activity since the end of the last ice age. This volcanic activity occurred in three areas; Spanish Creek, Ray Lake and Kostal Lake which were followed by lava fountain eruptions creating cinder cones and lava flows.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in the Spanish Creek and Ray Lake areas were synglacial but continued after the glacial ice had melted away.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions near Ray Lake built a cinder cone known as Dragon Cone and concluded with an approximately 16 km long aā lava flow that has been radiocarbon dated at about 7,600 years old. This lava flow, known as "Dragon&#39;s Tongue", is at least 15 m thick at the proximal end, but thins to 3 m at the distal end, damming the southern end of Clearwater Lake. Tree molds are maintained within the lava flow at the lower end.</p><br>
<p>The latest volcanic eruption created a small tree-covered basaltic cinder cone at the east end of Kostal Lake called Kostal Cone perhaps as recently as 400 years ago, making it one of the youngest volcanoes in Canada based on tree-growth data.</p><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field began forming approximately 3,500,000 years ago and has grown steadily since then. The tectonic causes of the volcanism that have produced the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field are not yet clear and are therefore a matter of ongoing research. It is approximately 250 km inland from the north-south trending Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is along-strike from the Nootka Fault on the British Columbia Coast, which has been subducting under the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone. The Wells Gray volcanics are mostly alkali olivine basalt, with some lava flows comprising mantle xenoliths. Basalts of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field have been considered to be the easternmost expression of the Anahim Volcanic Belt. However, its relationship is unknown because the age-location trend does not reach into the Wells Gray-Clearwater area, and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is not along trend with the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The Wells Gray volcanics were thought to have formed by crustal thinning and the existence of crustal penetrating structures.</p><br>
<p>More recent studies by volcanologists associated with the Geological Survey of Canada have indicated that the subducted extension of the Nookta Fault may be the primary cause of the alkalic structure of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field. The volcanism might have been mostly generated by asthenospheric upwelling possibly by displacement along the transform fault. If the transform fault had a section of vertical tearing to contain potentially different dip angles between the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates, the subducted plate asthenosphere may possibly flow upward into the mantle wedge. Similarly, if the displacement had a section of extension, a horizontal slab window-like gap would have developed, again allowing a pathway for upwelling magma. In either case, the unsettled asthenosphere might have experienced low degrees of decompressional melting and interacted with North American lithosphere to yield within plate compositions.</p><br>
<h3>Lava composition</h3><br>
<p>The composition of some lava flows in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is unusual because they include small, angular to rounded fragments of rock called nodules and crystals that come from the mantle. These green nodules are known as peridotites because they are mostly made of a magnesium iron silicate mineral called olivine. These lava flows also comprise large crystals of olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene that crystallized deep within the Earth&#39;s crust and mantle. The lavas and nodules they contain are similar to those erupted at Volcano Mountain in the Yukon. The nodules help volcanologists and other geoscientists to verify what the mantle beneath the volcanic field is like.</p><br>
<p>Holocene lava flows are more alkalic than the Pleistocene lava flows and comprise several xenoliths of chromium-spinel lherzolite, spinel clinopyroxenite, and rare ferroan websterite and spinel wehrlite. Xenoliths do not exist in the older lava flows. However, chemical evidence indicates that every lava flow was produced in a similar way by low degrees of piecemeal melting. The melts originally came from the upper mantle which, over time, was progressively depleted by every following melting event.</p><br>
<h3>Current activity</h3><br>
<p>The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is one of the 10 volcanic areas in Canada associated with recent seismic activity; the others are Castle Rock, and Nazko Cone. Seismic data suggests that these volcanoes still contain living magma plumbing systems, indicating possible future eruptive activity. Although the available data does not allow a clear conclusion, these observations are further indications that some of Canada&#39;s volcanoes are potentially active, and that their associated hazards may be significant. Beneath areas of monogenetic cinder cone activity, such as the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, the seismicity appears to be more dispersed. In a few cases earthquakes are clustered in time and space, suggestive of volcanic earthquake swarms.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic hazards</h2><br>
<h3>Lava eruptions</h3><br>
<p>Because the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is in a remote location, danger from lava eruptions would be low to moderate. Magma with low levels of silica (as in basalt) commonly extend tens of kilometers from the volcano&#39;s vent. The leading edges of basalt flows can travel as fast as 10 km/h on steep slopes but they typically advance less than 1 km/h on gentle slopes. But when basalt lava flows are confined within a channel or lava tube on a steep slope, the main body of the flow can reach velocities more than 30 km/h. Based on past volcanic activity, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field has a long history of producing quiet lava fountaining-style eruptions. Such eruptions consist of ejection of incandescent cinder, lapilli and lava bombs to altitudes of tens to hundreds of metres. They are small to medium in volume, with sporadic violence. Since the region is mostly forested and lava flows are likely to travel long distances, it is possible lava eruptions could start large forest fires and some river valleys might be dammed.</p><br>
<h3>Explosive eruptions</h3><br>
<p>More violent eruptions are possible only in unique circumstances, such as an eruption into a lake. Locally, sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Monitoring</h2><br>
<p>Currently the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how active the volcanic field&#39;s magma system is. The existing network of seismographs has been established to monitor tectonic earthquakes and is too far away to provide a good indication of what is happening beneath the volcanic field. It may sense an increase in activity if the volcanic field becomes very restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption. It might detect activity only after the volcanic field has started erupting.</p><br>
<p>A possible way to detect an eruption is studying the volcanic fields geological history since every volcano has its own pattern of behaviour, in terms of its eruption style, magnitude and frequency, so that its future eruption is expected to be similar to its previous eruptions. But this would likely be abandoned in part because of the volcanic fields remoteness.</p><br>
<p>While there is a likelihood of Canada being critically affected by local or close by volcanic eruptions argues that some kind of improvement program is required. Benefit-cost thoughts are critical to dealing with natural hazards. However, a benefit-cost examination needs correct data about the hazard types, magnitudes and occurrences. These do not exist for volcanoes in British Columbia or elsewhere in Canada in the detail required.</p><br>
<p>Other volcanic techniques, such as hazard mapping, displays a volcano&#39;s eruptive history in detail and speculates an understanding of the hazardous activity that could possibly be expected in the future. At present no hazard maps have been created for the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field because the level of knowledge is insufficient due to its remoteness. A large volcanic hazard program has never existed within the Geological Survey of Canada. The majority of information has been collected in a lengthy, separate way from the support of several employees, such as volcanologists and other geologic scientists. Current knowledge is best established at Mount Meager and is likely to rise considerably with a temporary mapping and monitoring project. Knowledge at the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and other volcanic areas in British Columbia is not as established, but certain contributions are being done at least Mount Cayley. An intensive program classifiying infrastructural exposure near all young Canadian volcanoes and quick hazard assessments at each individual volcanic edifice associated with recent seismic activity would be in advance and would produce a quick and productive determination of priority areas for further efforts.</p><br>
<p>The existing network of seismographs to monitor tectonic earthquakes has existed since 1975, although it remained small in population until 1985. Apart from a few short-term seismic monitoring experiments by the Geological Survey of Canada, no volcano monitoring has been accomplished at the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field or at other volcanoes in Canada at a level approaching that in other established countries with historically active volcanoes. Active or restless volcanoes are usually monitored using at least three seismographs all within approximately 15 km, and frequently within 5 km, for better sensitivity of detection and reduced location errors, particularly for earthquake depth. Such monitoring detects the risk of an eruption, offering a forecasting capability which is important to mitigating volcanic risk. Currently the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field does not have a seismograph closer than 59 km. With increasing distance and declining numbers of seismographs used to indicate seismic activity, the prediction capability is reduced because earthquake location accuracy and depth decreases, and the network becomes not as accurate. However, at least one possible volcanic earthquake swarm has been noticed east of the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field. The inaccurate earthquake locations in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field are a few kilometers, and in more isolated northern regions they are up to 10 km. The location magnitude level in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field is about magnitude 1 to 1.5, and elsewhere it is magnitude 1.5 to 2. At carefully monitored volcanoes both the located and noticed events are recorded and surveyed immediately to improve the understanding of a future eruption. Undetected events are not recorded or surveyed in British Columbia immediately, nor in an easy-to-access process.</p><br>
<p>In countries like Canada it is possible that small precursor earthquake swarms might go undetected, particularly if no events were observed; more significant events in larger swarms would be detected but only a minor subdivision of the swarm events would be complex to clarify them with confidence as volcanic in nature, or even associate them with an individual volcanic edifice.</p><br>
<h2>Notable vents</h2><br>
<p>The Camp Five Museum is a living history museum located in Laona, Wisconsin that interprets the forest industry and transportation history of Wisconsin. It includes part or all of the Camp Five Farmstead, also known as Camp Five Logging Camp, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The museum was established in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The R Connor Company established a logging camp at this site in the late 1890s, their fifth camp near Laona. By 1914, the timber within reach of the camp was exhausted, so it was converted into a company farm, to supply meat, vegetables, and work horses to Connors other camps in the area. The site worked well because it was near town, the land in the immediate vicinity was good for farming, and it lay on a rail line. The farm continued to supply Connors logging camps for decades. In 1969, the farm opened to the public as a history museum.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum site encompasses 4 acre and includes a logging and forestry museum, static displays of historic logging equipment and bateaux used in log drives, a slaughterhouse, a petting zoo, a nature center, a small cafeteria, and a museum shop. Two tours run from the site into the surrounding countryside: a forestry tour and a riverboat tour. Each tour takes about twenty minutes. Visitors reach the museum by taking the Lumberjack Steam Train, which runs on the Laona and Northern Railway.</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s steam train and blacksmithy are part of its daily living history displays. In addition the museum periodically hosts re-enactors of the fur-trade era, cowboys, the Civil War, and World War One.</p><br>
<p>Awards:</p><br>
<p>1996 - Camp Five was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the US Department of the Interior</p><br>
<p>1987 - Presidential Environmental Youth Award, from the United States Environmental Protection Agency for its education and ecology program for Boy Scouts</p><br>
<p>1978 - Forest History Association of Wisconsin award</p><br>
<p>1975 - Arbor Day Foundation National Award in Education for the Green Treasure Forest Tour</p><br>
<p>1970 - Wisconsin Historical Society Award of Merit</p><br>
<p>Reindeer Island is an island located in the north basin of Lake Winnipeg, in the Canadian province of Manitoba, closer to the western shore of the lake. Uninhabited by people, it was named Manitoba&#39;s first ecological reserve in May 1976, and was created under The Crown Lands Act. Reindeer Island is located approximately 130 km southeast of the community of Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is approximately 27 km long and about 7 km wide at its widest point. It consists of 13,680 hectares.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>It was thought that the Caspian tern used the west coast of Reindeer Island as a breeding ground, as discovered by Eric Dunlop, a naturalist, who was collecting samples for the Carlisle Museum in Carlisle, England during 1914 and 1915.</p><br>
<p>The Cherryfield Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Cherryfield, Maine. This area is distinctive for its collection of high-quality 19th century architecture, which is unique in rural contexts in the state. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Cherryfield Historic District is an area of approximately 75 acre lying on both sides of the Narraguagus River. The historic district comprises a collection of substantially intact residential and commercial buildings that clearly depict the nineteenth century development of a riverside community. There are 52 contributing and 10 non contributing buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Cherryfield was approved as a historic district because of its depiction of community development and association with commerce, through its association with significant persons, and for architectural history.</p><br>
<p>Although the 52 contributing buildings in the district and those outside the district are framed with wood, the district architecturally holds representative examples of the most popular nineteenth century residential styles with an especially impressive concentration of Second Empire dwellings. Included in the styles are: Second Empire; Federal; Greek Revival; Italianate; Queen Anne; Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>The Second Empire Style houses are Cherryfields unique contribution to the inventory of Maines historic patterns of building. While the design of these houses may be equalled and surpassed in urban areas such as Bangor and Portland; given their small town context, integrity and relative number they are truly remarkable.</p><br>
<h2>List of structures</h2><br>
<p>Peter Smith Store, 1858: Vernacular Italianate</p><br>
<p>Freeman Nash House, 1840: Greek Revival</p><br>
<p>Arthur Willey House, 1876: Second Empire (Willey was a justice and his family included lumber manufacturers and merchants)</p><br>
<p>O. Ward House, 1870: Italianate</p><br>
<p>Uriah N. Small, 1840: Greek Revival (Small was a merchant, his store was in what was the old post office)</p><br>
<p>(First) Amaziah Ricker House, 1803: Federal (Second oldest house in the district, Ricker was the first blacksmith in the area, and his shop was in the adjacent building. The Masonic Lodge organized and met in this house)</p><br>
<p>W.D. Ricker House, 1835: Greek Revival</p><br>
<p>J.T. Campbell House, 1860: Italianate</p><br>
<p>Harland Schoppee House, built after 1881: Late 19th Century Vernacular</p><br>
<p>Nugent/Smith House, 1870: Vernacular Greek Revival (by 1881 local merchant Peter Smith had acquired this property)</p><br>
<p>Frank Shoppe House, 1900: Vernacular Italianate</p><br>
<p>James Campbell House, 1860: Greek Revival (Campbell was a carpenter and a ship joiner)</p><br>
<p>Godfrey/Patten House, 1860: Greek Revival/Italianate (Godfrey was a blacksmith & shipsmith, Patten a merchant & shoe manufacturer - his store still stands)</p><br>
<p>M. Coffin House, 1860: Greek Revival/Italianate</p><br>
<p>J.Strout House, 1855: Greek Revival/Italianate</p><br>
<p>Frank Campbell House, 1875: Second Empire</p><br>
<p>General Alexander Campbell House, 1790: Federal (oldest home in the village. Campbell was the most prominent of Cherryfield&#39;s early settlers. He developed a substantial lumber business and was a Massachusetts State Senator from 1791 to 1798. His descendants still live in the house)</p><br>
<p>Samuel N. Campbell House, 1883: Queen Anne (A grandson of Alexander Campbell, Samuel was engaged in the lumber business and active in State politics)</p><br>
<p>Corner in Celebrities Historic District is a neighborhood located in the north section of Frankfort, Kentucky that is designated an historic district because of the high concentration of structures that previously belonged to notable residents. The area contains the historic homes of George M. Bibb, Benjamin G. Brown, James Brown, John Brown, John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden, James Harlan, John Marshall Harlan, Robert P. Letcher, Thomas Metcalfe, Charles Slaughter Morehead, Hugh Rodman, Thomas Todd, George G. Vest, and John C. Watson. The area was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Founding of Frankfort</h2><br>
<p>The town of Frankfort, Kentucky was founded in 1786 on 100 acre of land on the north side of the Kentucky River on property owned by General James Wilkinson. After Kentucky became the fifteenth American state in 1792, Frankfort was named the state capital.</p><br>
<h2>Wapping Street</h2><br>
<p>Wapping Street is a public thoroughfare located in northern Frankfort that runs east and west parallel to the Kentucky River through the Corner in Celebrities historic district. The street was named for the "Old Wapping Stairs" in London by homesick Englishman, John Instone, a friend of the town&#39;s founder.</p><br>
<h3>Thomas Todd House</h3><br>
<p>The Thomas Todd House is located at 320 Wapping Street. The Federal style structure was built in 1812 by either Hayden Edwards or William Walker with the Victorian style features added later.</p><br>
<p>After serving in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, Thomas Todd studied law and land surveying under his cousin Harry Innes. In 1784 Todd move to Kentucky when Judge Harry Innes was appointed to begin the federal court in Danville, Kentucky. During his time in Danville, Todd served as a clerk for five Constitutional Conventions regarding Kentucky&#39;s statehood. After being admitted to the bar in 1788, Todd was a clerk to federal Judge Innes and served as the clerk of the Kentucky House of Representatives until 1799 when the Kentucky Supreme Court was created and Todd was appointed its chief clerk. Kentucky Governor James Garrard appointed Todd to fill the a newly added seat to the Court, and five years later he was named Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court. In 1807, United States President Thomas Jefferson appointed Todd, then age forty-one, to United States Supreme Court where he served until his death in 1826. After his appointment to the Supreme Court, Todd remained active in local and state affairs.</p><br>
<p>In 1818, while serving on the USA Supreme Court, Todd purchased the house on Wapping Street and lived there with his second wife Lucy (Payne) Washington, sister of Dolley Madison. Todd died on February 7, 1826 and was buried in the Innes family cemetery. Later Todd was reinterred in the at Frankfort Cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Vest-Lindsey House</h3><br>
<p>The Vest-Lindsey House is located at 401 Wapping Street. The building, a twelve-room Federal style house, was constructed in approximately 1798 making the structure one of the oldest houses in Frankfort. The House was the childhood home of United States Senator George Graham Vest. Vest served in the Senate for 25 years until his death in 1903. Vest is best remembered for his closing trial remarks where he coined the line "Dog is man&#39;s best friend."</p><br>
<p>Daniel Lindsey, a Union Army General during the American Civil War and Adjutant General and Inspector General of Kentucky&#39;s military forces, bought the building from Vest in 1846. The Lindsey family owned the property until it was purchased by the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1965.</p><br>
<h3>Bibb-Burnley House</h3><br>
<p>The Bibb-Burnley House, also called Gray Gables, is located at 411 Wapping Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, John Bibb relocated to Frankfort from Logan County after being elected to the Kentucky Legislature. Bibb bought the property on Wapping Street that had a home built by John Instone, one of the first houses built in the town. Bibb built a new twenty-one room Gothic Revival house on the site using material from the original structure.</p><br>
<p>Mary Anne Burnley, a niece of Bibb, lived in the house. Burnley&#39;s interest in culture and the arts associates the house with several prominent writers and musicians including John Fox, Jr. and Robert Burns Wilson.</p><br>
<h2>Wilkinson Street</h2><br>
<p>Wilkinson Street is a public thoroughfare named for town founder, General Wilkinson, who ran a ferry on the northern bank of the Kentucky River where the street started. The street runs north through the Corner in Celebrities historic district.</p><br>
<h3>Crittenden-Garrard House</h3><br>
<p>The Crittenden-Garrad House, also called the Hoge House, is located at 302 Wilkinson Street. The Federal style structure was constructed in approximately 1810. Property records show that Frankfort Judge Jacob Swigert and his wife Rebecca were early owner of the house. In 1855, the Swigert&#39;s sold the property to Thomas Crittenden. Crittenden, the son of John J. Crittenden, was a Major General for the Union Army in the American Civil War. Additionally, Crittenden was USA Consul to Liverpool and later Kentucky State Treasurer.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, James H. Garrard, the grandson of Kentucky&#39;s second Governor, purchased the property. Garrard served as a General for the Union Army in the American Civil War. Garrard represented Clay, Letcher, and Perry Counties in the Kentucky Constitutional Convention Later, Garrard was the Kentucky State Treasurer from 1857 to 1865.</p><br>
<p>After James&#39; death, his wife Letitia continued to live in the home. The Garrard family retained the property until 1902 when the house was sold to Callaway Hoge, wife of Will H. Hoge. The Hoge family keep the home until after 1944.</p><br>
<h2>Liberty Hall Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>http://www.libertyhall.org</p><br>
<p>Liberty Hall Historic Site is located at 202 and 218 Wilkinson Streets and encompasses a full city block of two historic homes and 4 acres of gardens. Liberty Hall built in 1796 was the home of John Brown, one of Kentucky&#39;s first Senators. The Orlando Brown House was built in 1835 for his son. Today LHHS serves as a learning center that engages the public in exploring the history, politics, social and cultural life in early Kentucky through the homes, gardens, documents, and artifacts of Senator John Brown and his family.</p><br>
<p>LHHS is open to the public for tours at 1:30 Monday through Saturday, seasonally. jointly owned and operated by Liberty Hall, Inc. and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Borg Massif is a mountain massif, about 50 km long and with summits above 2,700 m, situated along the northwest side of the Penck Trough in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. The tallest peak, at 2,727 m, is Hogsaetet Mountain. The parallel, ice-filled Raudberg Valley and Frostlendet Valley trend northeastward through the massif, dividing its summits into three rough groups:</p><br>
<p>Located at the northern end of the Borg Massif is the summit of Borg Mountain, a large, flattish, ice-topped mountain with many exposed rock cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Located at the northeastern end of the Borg Massif is the summit of Ytstenut Peak. The name "Ytstenut" means "outermost peak" in the Norwegian language.</p><br>
<p>Located at the southern end of the Borg Massif is the summit of Hogfonna Mountain. The name "Hogfonna" means "the high snowfield" in the Norwegian language.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and naming</h2><br>
<p>The feature was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), led by Captain Alfred Ritscher, but was not correctly shown on the maps by the expedition. It was mapped in detail by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–1952), led by John Schjelderup Giæver. It was remapped by air photos taken by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1958–1959). They named it "Borgmassivet" (the castle massif) in association with Borg Mountain, its most prominent feature.</p><br>
<p>The Newbridge Inn is a public house in Newbridge, a suburban village to the west of Edinburgh, Scotland. The inn was founded in 1683. The present building is dated 1895 and is a category C listed building. It is located at the corner of Old Liston Road and Bridge Street, which was formerly the main route from Edinburgh to Glasgow.</p><br>
<h2>Proprietors</h2><br>
<p>The Newbridge Inn was built in 1683 on land owned by Archibald Hope of Raukellour. On 12 December 1700 he sold some of the land, including the Inn, to John Dundas for "20 merks Scots money, 2 lambs, to be given on Whitsunday and Marksmas and 6 good hens yearly on Whitsunday". On 16 July 1726 John Dundas sold the land and the Inn to James Liston for the sum of £385.15.6d. On 6 April 6 1737 Liston sold it to Patrick Hay for "a certain sum of money as the agreed and adequate price and hold me well content and satisfied and paid". In 1759 on 22 August, Patrick Hay sold the land and the Inn to George Reid, a brewer and farmer, for £200.0.0d. George in turn willed it to his son Cumberland Reid on 14 June 1815 and in 1818, Cumberland left it to his nephew, John Reid, a merchant from Leith. John sold it to his brother James for sum of £700.0.0d on 27 August 1821. On 25 March 1824 James Reid sold only the Inn to Helen Cowie Buchanan for £465.0.0d. After 62 years, Helen sold on to Robert Gordon on 15 May 1866 for £725.0.0d. Robert Gordon took a loss and sold it on to John Aitkinson for £665.0.0d. On 3 July 1877 it was sold yet again for £300.0.0d to James Masterton. After his death the inn passed to his wife Christina Garlick Masterton who gave it to her younger son, John Masterton. John sold it on to his brother James Masterton for £250.0.0d in 1898. In 1930, James Masterton Jnr willed it to his nephew, James Yule Wemyss in 1952. When James died, his wife Pleasance Cecilly Wemyss took over the running of the Inn in 1963. After 106 years and four generations in the same family, the Newbridge Inn was sold to David and June Morris on 28 June 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Extracts have been taken from the original title deeds still in existence, dating from 1683 to the present day.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Minnesota Home School for Girls Historic District is a property on the National Register of Historic Places in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, United States. Opened in 1911, the property was a reformatory school for girls with a number of the cottages named for women who were significant in American history.</p><br>
<p>Each of the buildings on the campus is described as either contributing or non-contributing, with the contributing buildings perceived as having historical significance. The contributing buildings include the Alcott Cottage; the Richard Cottage; the Stowe Cottage; the Sullivan Cottage; Morse Hall; the chapel; Lind Cottage; Sinclair Lewis Hall; Evers Cottage; the equipment garage; the horse barn; the machine shed; Mary Lyon Annex; Mary Lyon School; Pettit Cottage; the maintenance building; the chapel garage; the lake cottage; and the root cellar. Conversely, the non-contributing buildings include the fine arts building; the Tekakitha Cottage; the DuBois Cottage; Senator Popp Building; the bungalow garage; and the storage garage.</p><br>
<p>The subject property is further described as significant as it represents the Cottage Plan of state institutional design, as well as the work of Clarence H. Johnston, Sr., a prolific St. Paul architect in the first 30 years of the 20th century. The buildings of the Home School were constructed according to the Cottage System of Institutional Care, which is a design theory used by state hospitals and mental asylums in the late 19th century. The system called for the institutions to be built away from the populous in a rural area to create a private, tranquil atmosphere, with farm operations often becoming an integral part of the property. The original property was gradually expanded so that by 1936 it consisted of 512 acre of land, which exceeds the current land area.</p><br>
<p>Negro Mountain is a long ridge of the Allegheny Mountains, stretching 30 mi from Deep Creek Lake in Maryland, north to the Casselman River in Pennsylvania, United States. The summit, Mount Davis, is the highest point  in Pennsylvania. Negro Mountain is flanked by Laurel Hill to the west and Allegheny Mountain to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is flattish in appearance due to its location on the Allegheny Plateau, so its prominence is of low relief. The mountain retains its elevation above 3,000 ft for much of its length, especially in Pennsylvania. The Negro Mountain Tunnel, built for the South Pennsylvania Railroad, is abandoned and was never used. The Mount Davis Natural Area on the Mountain is located within the Forbes State Forest and many trails take hikers throughout this alpine landscape.</p><br>
<p>Weather on the mountain is fierce, frost can occur at any time of the year and winds and ice storms are common. Near the summit in Pennsylvania, the trees are stunted and circular rock formations from frost heave can be readily seen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Details behind the naming of Negro Mountain are not precisely known and a number of local stories have circulated in the past. The various stories seem to share, however, a couple of elements. One is that of a band of white soldiers or hunters skirmishing with Indians on the mountain during colonial times. The other is the presence with the whites of an African-American companion — variously named "Nemisis" or "Goliath" indicating his great strength or size — who accompanied the whites and died valiantly during the fight. The most popular version of the story takes place during the French and Indian War, in the year 1756, when frontiersman Colonel Thomas Cresap is known to have led a force against Native Americans on the mountain. A member of his force, a black slave or a scout named "Nemisis," was killed in the battle. The mountain was accordingly named "Negro Mountain" in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Another version of the story has a Captain Andrew Friend on a hunting trip on the mountain with a few companions. The party was attacked by Indians and during the ensuing skirmish, an African-American servant of Friend was gravely wounded and died the following morning on the mountain. Again, the mountain where he died defending the life of his master was named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Yet another version, this time from local family lore, tells of:</p><br>
<p>The Cresap version is supported by the fact that Cresap is known to have written an account of such an expedition for Benjamin Franklin&#39;s Pennsylvania Gazette of June 17, 1756 mentioning that "an old Negro presented his gun at ". The Maryland Gazette had already described the same expedition on June 10, 1756, mentioning that a "free Negro" had been killed with the English.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>In July 2007, Pennsylvania State Representative Rosita C. Youngblood (Democrat of Philadelphia’s 198th District) called for the renaming of Negro Mountain. In a news release, she said, "Through a school project, my son and granddaughter first informed me of the name of this range and I found it to be disparaging that we have one of our great works of nature named as such… I find it disheartening for tourists who visit this range to see the plaque with the name Negro Mountain displayed on the mountainside."</p><br>
<p>However, Professor Christopher Bracey, a law professor and associate professor of African and African-American studies at Washington University in St. Louis has said, "I must confess I have a slightly different take on it than … Here we have a mountain, whose name was intended to be a testament to Negro bravery. It seems rather crass and unsophisticated to name it Negro Mountain, but the intentions were strong."</p><br>
<p>On 1 August 2007, Youngblood and other lawmakers introduced House Resolution No. 378 resolving that the governor "form a commission …to study the naming of Negro Mountain and Mount Davis … adopt names that accurately reflect the history of the region and the heroism displayed by the African American in the Negro Mountain conflict of 1756" and accordingly to alter "brochures, plaques and signs accurately reflect the facts of this heroic historical event". (The 1921 naming of Mount Davis is now also considered controversial because it honors the white settler who once owned the land, rather than the colonial African-American.)</p><br>
<p>In February 2011, nine Maryland State Senators introduced a bill to rename Negro Mountain and Polish Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Harmonie Club is a club located at 267 East Grand River Avenue in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Augustus Woodwards plan for Detroits streets created oddly-shaped triangular blocks, including Capitol Park on the west and Harmonie Park on the east. Starting in the 1830s and 1940s, this area was home to a growing number of German immigrants to Detroit. In 1849, to preserve their ethnic traditions, a group of Detroit Germans founded a singing group, the Gesang-Verein Harmonie. The club built a frame clubhouse at the corner of Lafayette and Beaubien in 1874. This frame Harmonie Club structure burned in 1893, and the club almost immediately organized a competition, open to German architects, to design a new building. Richard Raseman (the architect of the Grand Army of the Republic Building) won the competition; the resulting building sits across from Harmonie Park.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Harmonie Club is a four-story, hipped-roof building with a basement, built of buff-colored brick and stone. The curved corner is particularly shaped to the geometry of the site. The first two stories are embellished with stonework, and the top two stories feature additional banding and arched windows on the top floor. Corinthian columns and a balustraded balcony over the entry add a classical feel. The interior of the club features classical plasterwork, dark oak paneling and Pewabic tile. The club also offered fine dining, a tavern, card rooms, bowling alley and lounges.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Over time, membership in the Harmonie Club dwindled, and the club was sold in 1974. The club was recognized as an historical property by the state of Michigan in 1975, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and was recognized by the city of Detroit in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Rusalka , was one of two s built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1860s. She served for her entire career with the Baltic Fleet. Aside from hitting an uncharted rock not long after she was completed in 1869, she had an uneventful career. Rusalka sank in a storm in 1893 with the loss of all hands in the Gulf of Finland. A memorial was built in Reval  to commemorate her loss almost a decade later. Her wreck was rediscovered in 2003, bow-down in the mud, which has prompted a new theory regarding her loss.</p><br>
<h2>Design and description</h2><br>
<p>Rusalka was 206 ft long at the waterline. She had a beam of 42 ft and a maximum draft of 12 ft. The ship was designed to displace 1,882 LT, but turned out to be overweight and actually displaced 2,100 LT. Her crew numbered 13 officers and 171 crewmen in 1877.</p><br>
<p>The ship had two simple horizontal direct-acting steam engines, each driving a single propeller. The engines were designed to produce a total of 900 ihp using steam provided by two coal-fired rectangular fire-tube boilers, but only achieved 705 ihp and a speed of approximately 9 kn during her sea trials. She carried a maximum of 250 LT of coal for her boilers.</p><br>
<p>Rusalka was initially armed with a pair of 9 in rifled Model 1867 guns in the forward gun turret and a pair of 15 in smoothbore Rodman guns in the aft turret. The Rodman guns were replaced by a pair of Obukhov 9 in rifled guns in 1871 and all of the nine-inch guns were replaced in their turn by longer, more powerful nine-inch Obukhov guns in 1878–79. No light guns for use against torpedo boats are known to have been fitted aboard the ship before the 1870s when she received 3 four-pounder 3.4 in guns mounted on the turret tops as well as a variety of smaller guns that included 45 mm Engström quick-firing (QF) guns, 1 in Nordenfelt guns, single-barreled QF 47 mm Hotchkiss guns and QF 37 mm Hotchkiss revolving cannon.</p><br>
<p>The ship had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was 4.5 in thick amidships and thinned to 3.75 in at the bow and 3.25 in at the stern. The armor was backed by 12 to 18 in of teak. The circular turrets were protected by armor 5.5 in thick and the walls of the ship&#39;s oval conning tower were also 4.5 inches thick. Her deck was 1 in thick amidships, but reduced to 0.25 - at the ends of the ship.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and service</h2><br>
<p>Rusalka, named after the mythological creature, was ordered on 25 January 1865 and construction began on 10 June at the Admiralty Shipyard, Saint Petersburg, although the formal keel-laying was not until 6 June 1866. She was launched on 12 September 1867 and completed in 1869 at the cost of 762,000 rubles. Construction was considerably delayed by late deliveries of drawings, material, and the death of her original builder. The ship struck an uncharted rock off the Finnish coast in June 1869 and damaged her bottom plating badly enough that she had to be run aground to prevent her from sinking. Rusalka served her entire career with the Baltic Fleet and was assigned to the Artillery Training Detachment in March 1870. The ship had her boilers replaced in 1878 and 1891 and she was reclassified as a coast-defense ironclad on 13 February 1892.</p><br>
<h3>Sinking</h3><br>
<p>Rusalka, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank V. Kh. Ienish sailed from Reval harbor at 08:30 on 7 September 1893, bound for Helsingfors (Helsinki). She was escorted by the gunboat Tucha (Туча, Cloud) under Captain 2nd Rank N. M. Lushkov. Several hours after their departure the weather deteriorated into a storm, with gale force winds and rain; Tucha lost her charge from sight around noon, but sailed on and arrived safely at Helsingfors.</p><br>
<p>No trace of the monitor was found until the corpse of a sailor in a dinghy and a few lifebuoys washed ashore on the Finnish island of Kremare. Extensive searches of the sea bottom also failed to locate the ship. In January 1894 a commission appointed to investigate convened and reprimanded Rear Admiral P. S. Burachek, commander of the detachment, for letting Rusalka go to sea in bad weather as well as Lushkov for losing contact with the monitor. The commission concluded that the ship&#39;s steering gear failed or that water had entered the ship and caused her to lose power. Either would have caused Rusalka to turn parallel to the waves where her superstructure would have been demolished and extensive flooding would have soon overwhelmed her small reserve of buoyancy.</p><br>
<h3>Monument</h3><br>
<p>On 7 September 1902, the ninth anniversary of the loss of the ship, a monument to Rusalka (Estonian transliteration from Russian: Russalka) was erected in Tallinn. Sculpted by Amandus Adamson, it takes the form of a bronze angel standing on a granite pedestal.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>The wreck of Rusalka was claimed to have been found by divers of the Soviet EPRON salvage agency in 1932, but they made no attempt to salvage it. EPRON&#39;s location does not match that of the ship as discovered in 2003.</p><br>
<p>In spring 2003, a joint project was launched by the Estonian Maritime Museum and the commercial diving company Tuukritööde OÜ with the aim of finding Rusalka which had sunk 110 years earlier. On 22 July 2003 the wreck of Rusalka was located in the Gulf of Finland, 25 km south of Helsinki, by the museum&#39;s research vessel Mare. Two days later, deep divers Kaido Peremees and Indrek Ostrat more precisely located and videoed the wreck. Most unusually, the wreck is in a near-vertical position; following her sinking, the vessel plunged, bow first, 74 m directly downward into the muddy bottom of the gulf, and is buried in the bottom to almost half her length. The divers found the stern of the lost vessel rising 33 m above the sea bed and her rudder turned to starboard.</p><br>
<p>The wreck is generally intact although draped with snagged fishing nets. The aft turret, however, has fallen out off the ship. The vertical position of the wreck has inspired a new theory of her loss by nautical archaeologist Vello Mäss. He believes that Rusalka was taking on water forward, perhaps from a leak or through ventilation hatches and was bow-heavy when her captain decided to make a turn, possibly to return to Reval, and the ship capsized during the turn with her engines still running. Her forward speed and flooded forward hull meant that she descended vertically and drove her hull into the muddy sea bottom.</p><br>
<p>The Timan Ridge  is a highland in the far north of European Russia. Most of the Timan Ridge is situated in the Komi Republic, but the northernmost part is in Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Arkhangelsk Oblast. The highest point in the Timan Ridge is Chetlassky Kamen .</p><br>
<p>The Timan Ridge is situated west of the northern Ural Mountains, and is a part of the East European Plain. It lies west of the Pechora River, and divides the eastern and western parts of the North Russian Lowlands. The Timan Ridge ends at the Barents Sea in the north.</p><br>
<p>The Timan Ridge, which lies within the taiga and tundra belts, is characterized by a mountainous hill terrain, ground and formed by the ice during the Ice Ages. Several rivers have their sources in the Timan Ridge; the most important being the Izhma (a tributary of the Pechora), the Mezen, and the Vychegda (a tributary of the Northern Dvina).</p><br>
<p>The largest town in the otherwise sparsely populated Timan Ridge is Ukhta, founded in the 1930s in order to open up the Timan Ridge for extraction of raw materials. There are numerous mineral deposits in the Timan Ridge − such as natural gas, petroleum, bauxite and titanium.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tshangalele, also known as Lake Lufira or Mwadingusha Reservoir, is an artificial lake in the south-east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is located about 20 km east of the city of Likasi in the old province of Katanga. It lies at about 1,100 m above sea-level in a large depression surrounded by low mountains. It was created by a dam built on the Lufira River near Mwadingusha in 1926 to provide hydro-electric power. The area of open water is about 362.5 km. During the wettest months of February and March, the area flooded reaches a maximum of 440 km. The lake is shallow with a mean depth of only 2.6 m.</p><br>
<p>The lake holds a variety of fish including longfin tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir), redbelly tilapia (Tilapia zillii), thinface cichlid (Serranochromis angusticeps) and North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). It supports an important commercial fishery with the tilapias the main species caught. Surrounding the lake, there are extensive swamps where Typha and Cyperus grow. The region is rich in birdlife such as the Lake Lufira weaver (Ploceus ruweti) which is endemic to the area. The lake was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1982 and is classed as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood & Western Building, also known as The Mayer Building, and formerly known as the "Hollywood Western Building", is a four-story Art Deco office building located at 5504 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. It was designated Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #336 on January 1, 1988, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Designed by S. Charles Lee, and built by Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg, the building opened on December 8, 1928. The building was the first location of Motion Picture Association of America, Central Casting, the Hays Office, and The Ben Hecht Company. Hollywood Billiards, Hollywoods oldest pool hall, was located in the lower basement of the building. Over the years its tenants have also included Toppys (a corner coffee shop), Newman Drug Co., Rexall, Bargain Saver, Hollywood Rehearsal Studios, Studio 9, Rock City Arcade, and Cosmopolitan Book Depository.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s, the building was being used to produce pornography and was slowly converted in individual rehearsal studios as the area where the building was located became increasingly crime-ridden and dangerous. The building was used in Double Indemnity, Ruthless People, and Hollywood Shuffle and was a regular shooting location for numerous TV productions. It was also used as a rehearsal studio for such bands as Guns N&#39; Roses and White Zombie.</p><br>
<p>The building was heavily damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake and was vacant for several years. It has since been renovated, and its tenants as of 2013 included the local offices of Los Angeles City Councilman Mitch O&#39;Farrell.</p><br>
<p>Deep River Marina is located on the Connecticut River in Deep River, Connecticut. The marina is on a calm stretch of tidal fresh water off the main channel and is well protected from passing wakes and foul weather. Deep River is well sited, above popular Essex and below Hartford. Its only neighbor is the Essex Valley Railroad, which makes several tourist runs a day along the marina&#39;s property line. Within 2 mi are 5 other marinas and boatyards, with a combined boat population just under 1,000. The boating season runs from mid-April to mid-November. The original boatyard was built in 1955.</p><br>
<p>Deep River Marina has become a full-service marina and a very attractive home port to boating families from New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Canada.</p><br>
<p>The marina has 200 slips and mooring capacity for 35 boats. Boat sizes range from 16 to 45 ft with the average boat at 28 ft LOA; 90% are powerboats. All but 23 slips were leased for the summer, with the remaining used for transient visitors. The VanDykes four full-time and two part-time summer staff manage the docks, moorings, pumpout, fuel dock, and ships store. Four staff remain year-round to store 150 boats on land.</p><br>
<h2>Management measures</h2><br>
<p>Deep River Marina complies with the marina management measures for storm water runoff control, sewage facility, sewage facility maintenance, and solid waste, as well as water quality assessment, shoreline stabilization, fueling station design, liquid materials, petroleum control, boat cleaning, and public education.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental improvements</h2><br>
<p>Deep River Marina won NMMA&#39;s first Boating Facilities Environmental Responsibility Award for its clean marina in 1993. It is just one of several national and regional awards earned by Doug and Karen VanDyke for their environmental consciousness.</p><br>
<p>Storm water runoff from the parking lot is controlled with 50 ft grass buffers. With picnic tables, shrubs, trees and flowers, the marina looks more like a park than a boatyard. All parking areas and driveways are covered with crushed stone. A special drain traps silt and skims oil from the work yard and parking area before it can reach the water. A portable oil-changing unit that uses a vacuum tank to suck oil out of engines through the dip-stick tube makes oil changing easy and spillproof. It is available for rent at the marina store.</p><br>
<p>Color-coded trash containers reduce the volume of waste going to the landfill by collecting bottles, cans, cardboard, and plastic for recycling. Waste oil is also collected in an aboveground 400-gallon tank, contained inside the lower half of a cement septic tank, for recycling at no cost to the marina. At the fuel dock, more than 100 ft of oil containment boom is stored in a locker for emergency use during spills. Boaters are encouraged to use bilge oil absorption pads, which are also sold in the marina store.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Street Historic District is a historic district in Chaska, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district is roughly bounded by Walnut, Second, Chestnut, and Sixth Streets. It contains burial mounds representing the areas prehistory, and the buildings and structures in the district represent Chaskas period of commercial, industrial, religious, and residential development. Houses within this district include the Greek Revival style and other Neoclassical styles.</p><br>
<p>Chaska Public Square.jpgPublic Square with precontact Native American burial mound</p><br>
<p>Chaska Tenement House.jpgTenement House built c. 1880</p><br>
<p>Walnut St 1.jpgThe K. K. Klammer House, built c. 1896</p><br>
<p>Chris Klein House.jpgThe Chris Klein House, built c. 1900</p><br>
<p>Mount Friesland is a mountain rising to 1,700.2 m in the homonymous Friesland Ridge, the summit of Tangra Mountains and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its north rib is connected to Pliska Ridge by Nesebar Gap on the west, and to Bowles Ridge by Wörner Gap on the north. On the east Mount Friesland is connected to Presian Ridge and further on to Catalunyan Saddle and Lyaskovets Peak. On the south-southwest it is connected by a short saddle to ‘The Synagogue’ a sharp-peaked rock-cored ice formation abutting neighbouring St. Boris Peak. The peak is heavily glaciated and crevassed, surmounting Huntress Glacier to the west, Perunika Glacier to the north-northwest, Huron Glacier to the northeast and Macy Glacier to the southeast. The local weather is notoriously unpleasant and challenging; according to the seasoned Antarctic mountaineer Damien Gildea who climbed in the area, just about the worst weather in the world.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The feature was known to American and British sealers as early as 1820–21, and variously referred to as "Peak of Frezeland", "Friezland Peak", and "Friesland Peak". In the early 1900s the name "Barnard", applied by James Weddell in 1825 to nearby Needle Peak, was transferred to this mountain. The original name has now been restored with the spelling "Friesland" that appears to have been more frequently used than any of the other versions. In order to preserve the historical memory of the area, the name Barnard Point has since been approved for the nearby point on the southeast side of the entrance to False Bay.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of Mount Friesland was made from Juan Carlos I Base on 30 December 1991 by the Catalan climbers Francesc Sàbat and Jorge Enrique, after whom Sàbat Hill and Enrique Hill, respectively, were named. The peak was climbed and GPS surveyed by the Australian Damien Gildea and John Bath and the Chilean Rodrigo Fica on 20 December 2003, who produced a new map of the island in 2004, based on Spanish satellite imagery and their GPS data. The third ascent was made by the Bulgarians Lyubomir Ivanov and Doychin Vasilev from Camp Academia on 15 December 2004. All these used the Sàbat–Enrique eastern route to the peak, from Camp Academia locality (541 m) via Catalunyan Saddle (1,260 m) and Presian Ridge (1,456 m).</p><br>
<h2>Elevation</h2><br>
<p>The summit elevation was estimated at 1,684 m by a 1995-96 Bulgarian survey; the present figure was produced by a 2003 Australian GPS survey, and closely matched (as 1,702 m) by the Bulgarian survey Tangra 2004/05. The local ice relief is subject to changes, causing variations in the feature’s elevation. According to a Bulgarian GPS survey by D. Boyanov and N. Petkov the elevation of Mt. Friesland was 1,693 m in December 2016, making the peak lower than the adjacent St. Boris Peak (the latter’s northernmost ice formation ‘The Synagogue’ rising to 1,699 m) at that time.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mount Friesland is situated 12.5 km northeast of Barnard Point, 9.7 km east-southeast of St. Kliment Ohridski Base, 3.6 km southeast of the summit of Pliska Ridge, 6.1 km south by east of Mount Bowles, 2.9 km south-southwest of Camp Academia, 6.7 km west of Great Needle Peak, and 6.85 km north by west of Samuel Point. British mapping in 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, Spanish in 1991, US in 2004, and Bulgarian in 1996, 2005 and 2009. Bulgarian surveys 1995/96 (estimated elevation 1684 m) and 2004-05.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. Scale 1:25000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996.</p><br>
<p>S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Stetson Mountain is a small mountain located in Washington County, Maine; a 8 mi long ridge running roughly north–south. The summit elevation is between 1,080 ft and 1,090 ft.</p><br>
<p>Stetson is approximately 10 mi from the Canada–United States border with New Brunswick.</p><br>
<p>Stetson Mountain stands within the watershed of the Mattawamkeag River, which drains into the Penobscot River, and into Penobscot Bay.</p><br>
<p>Much of the west side of Stetson Mtn. drains into Meadow Brook, thence into the Mattawamkeag River.</p><br>
<p>Both sides of the southern end of Stetson Mountain drain into Baskahegan Stream, thence into the Mattawamkeag River.</p><br>
<p>Both sides of the northern end and most of the east side of Stetson Mountain drain into Hot Brook, thence into Baskahegan Stream.</p><br>
<h2>Stetson Wind Farm</h2><br>
<p>In January 2008, First Wind (then UPC Wind) received the approval of the Maine Land Use Regulation Commission (LURC) for its Stetson Wind Farm. The 57 megawatt wind farm began commercial operations in January 2009. It consists of 38 General Electric 1.5-MW wind turbines, and is expected to generate approximately 167 million kilowatt-hours (kW·h) of electricity per year., Stetson Wind is the largest wind energy project in operation in New England, surpassing the Mars Hill Wind Farm.</p><br>
<p>In March 2009, the LURC approved First Wind&#39;s $60 million 25.5 MW Stetson II project. The 17 turbines will be installed on nearby Jimmy (45&deg;37&prime;48&Prime;N latitude, 67&deg;58&prime;47&Prime;W longitude) and Owl (45&deg;35&prime;34&Prime;N latitude, 67&deg;57&prime;34&Prime;W longitude) mountains.</p><br>
<p>Bouvet Island  is an uninhabited subantarctic high island and dependency of Norway located in the South Atlantic Ocean at {{coord|54|25.8|S|3|22.8|E|type:isle_region:BV|display=inline,title}}, thus putting it north of and outside the Antarctic Treaty System. It lies at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is the most remote island in the world, approximately 2,600 km south-southwest of the coast of South Africa and approximately 1,700 km north of the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>The island has an area of 49 km&sup2;, of which 93 percent is covered by a glacier. The centre of the island is an ice-filled crater of an inactive volcano. Some skerries and one smaller island, Larsøya, lie along the coast. Nyrøysa, created by a rock slide in the late 1950s, is the only easy place to land and is the location of a weather station.</p><br>
<p>The island was first spotted on 1 January 1739 by Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, after whom it was later named. He recorded inaccurate coordinates and the island was not sighted again until 1808, when the British whaler captain James Lindsay named it Lindsay Island. The first claim of landing, although disputed, was by American sailor Benjamin Morrell. In 1825, the island was claimed for the British Crown by George Norris, who named it Liverpool Island. He also reported Thompson Island as nearby, although this was later shown to be a phantom island. The first Norvegia expedition landed on the island in 1927 and claimed it for Norway. At this time the island was named Bouvet Island, or "Bouvetøya" in Norwegian. After a dispute with the United Kingdom, it was declared a Norwegian dependency in 1930. It became a nature reserve in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Discovery and early sightings</h3><br>
<p>The island was discovered on 1 January 1739 by Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, commander of the French ships Aigle and Marie. Bouvet, who was searching for a presumed large southern continent, spotted the island through the fog and named the cape he saw Cap de la Circoncision. He was not able to land and did not circumnavigate his discovery, thus not clarifying if it was an island or part of a continent. His plotting of its position was inaccurate, leading several expeditions to fail to find the island again. James Cook&#39;s second voyage set off from Cape Verde on 22 November 1772 to find Cape Circoncision, but was unable to find the cape.</p><br>
<p>The next expedition to spot the island was in 1808 by James Lindsay, captain of the Samuel Enderby & Sons&#39; (SE&S) whaler Snow Swan. They reached the island and recorded its position, though they were unable to land. Lindsay could confirm that the "cape" was indeed an island. The next expedition to arrive at the island was American Benjamin Morrell and his seal hunting ship Wasp. Morrell, by his own account, found the island without difficulty (with "improbable ease", in the words of historian William Mills) before landing and hunting 196 seals. In his subsequent lengthy description, Morrell does not mention the island&#39;s most obvious physical feature, its permanent ice cover. This has caused some commentators to doubt whether he actually visited the island.</p><br>
<p>On 10 December 1825, SE&S&#39;s George Norris, master of the Sprightly, landed on the island, The next expedition to spot the island was Joseph Fuller and his ship Francis Allyn in 1893, but he was not able to land on the island. German Carl Chun&#39;s Valdivia expedition arrived at the island in 1898. They were not able to land, but dredged the seabed for geological samples. They were also the first to accurately fix the island&#39;s position.</p><br>
<p>Norris also spotted a second island in 1825, which he named Thompson Island, which he placed 72 km north-northeast of Liverpool Island. Thompson Island was also reported in 1893 by Fuller, but in 1898 Chun did not report seeing such an island, nor has anyone since. However, Thompson Island continued to appear on maps as late as 1943. A 1967 paper suggested that the island might have disappeared in an undetected volcanic eruption, but in 1997 it was discovered that the ocean is more than 2,400 m deep in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Norwegian annexation</h3><br>
<p>In 1927, the First Norvegia Expeditionled by Harald Horntvedt and financed by Lars Christensenwas the first to make an extended stay on the island. Observations and surveying were conducted on the islands and oceanographic measurements performed in the sea around it. At Ny Sandefjord, a small hut was erected and, on 1 December, the Norwegian flag was hoisted and the island claimed for Norway. The annexation was established by a royal decree on 23 January 1928. The claim was initially protested by the United Kingdom, on the basis of Norris&#39;s landing and annexation. However, the British position was weakened by Norris&#39;s sighting of two islands and the uncertainty as to whether he had been on Thompson or Liverpool (i.e. Bouvet) Island. Norris&#39;s positioning deviating from the correct location combined with the island&#39;s lack of a natural harbour and small size made the UK accept the Norwegian claim. This resulted in diplomatic negotiations between the two countries, and in November 1929, Britain renounced its claim to the island.</p><br>
<p>The Second Norvegia Expedition arrived in 1928 with the intent of establishing a manned meteorological radio station, but a suitable location could not be found. The Dependency Act, passed by the Parliament of Norway on 27 February 1930, established Bouvet Island as a dependency, along with Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. The eared seal was protected on and around the island in 1929 and in 1935 all seals around the island were protected.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In 1955, the South African frigate Transvaal visited the island. Nyrøysa, a rock-strewn ice-free area, the largest such on Bouvet, was created sometime between 1955 and 1958, probably by a landslide. In 1964 the island was visited by the British naval ship HMS Protector. On December 17, 1971, the entire island and its territorial waters were protected as a nature reserve. A scientific landing was made in 1978, during which the underground temperature was measured to be 25 &deg;C. In addition to scientific surveys, a lifeboat was recovered at Nyrøysa, although no people were found. The lifeboat belonged to a scientific reconnaissance vessel ("The scientific reconnaissance vessel “Slava-9” began his regular 13th cruise with the “Slava” Antarctic whaling fleet on 22 October 1958 … On 27 November she got to Bouvet Island. A group of sailors landed which couldn’t leave the island in time because of worsened weather and stayed on it about 3 days. The people were withdrawn only by helicopter on 29 November").</p><br>
<p>The Vela Incident took place on 22 September 1979, on or above the sea between Bouvetøya and Prince Edward Islands, when the American Vela Hotel satellite 6911 registered an unexplained double flash. This observation has been variously interpreted as a nuclear test, meteor, or instrumentation glitch.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1970s, the island has been frequently visited by Norwegian Antarctic expeditions. In 1977, an automated weather station was constructed, and for two months in 1978 and 1979 a manned weather station was operated. The Norwegian Polar Institute established a 36 m&sup2; research station, made of shipping containers, at Nyrøysa in 1996. On 23 February 2006, the island experienced a magnitude 6.2 earthquake whose epicentre was about 100 km away, weakening the station&#39;s foundation and causing it to be blown to sea during a winter storm. In 2014, a new research station was sent from Tromsø in Norway, via Cape Town, to Bouvet. The new station is designed to house six people for periods of two to four months.</p><br>
<p>The Hanse Explorer expedition ship visited Bouvet Island on 20 and 21 February 2012 as part of "Expédition pour le Futur". The expedition&#39;s goal was to land and summit the highest point on the island. The first four climbers (Aaron Halstead, Will Allen, Bruno Rodi and Jason Rodi) were the first humans to climb the highest peak. A time capsule containing the top visions of the future for 2062 was left behind. The next morning, Aaron Halstead led five other climbers (Sarto Blouin, Seth Sherman, Chakib Bouayed, Cindy Sampson, and Akos Hivekovics) to the top.</p><br>
<p>Several amateur radio DX-peditions have been conducted to the island. An international group is currently planning a DX-pedition to the island for mid-January 2018.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1980s, Bouvetøya, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard were considered as locations for the new Norwegian International Ship Register, but the flag of convenience registry was ultimately established in Bergen, Norway in 1987.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the island was added to Norway&#39;s tentative list of nominations as a World Heritage Site as part of the transnational nomination of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.</p><br>
<p>Krill fishing in the Southern Ocean is subject to the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, which defines maximum catch quotas for a sustainable exploitation of Antarctic krill. Surveys conducted in 2000 showed high concentration of krill around Bouvetøya. In 2004, Aker BioMarine was awarded a concession to fish krill, and additional quotas were awarded from 2008 for a total catch of 620,000 t. There is a controversy as to whether the fisheries are sustainable, particularly in relation to krill being important food for whales. In 2009, Norway filed with the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend the outer limit of the continental shelf past 200 NM surrounding the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Bouvetøya is a volcanic island constituting the top of a volcano located at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the South Atlantic Ocean. The island measures 9.5 by and covers an area of 49 km&sup2;, It is located in the Subantarctic, south of the Antarctic Convergence, which, by some definitions, would place the island in the Southern Ocean. Bouvet Island is the most remote island in the world. The closest land is Queen Maud Land of Antarctica, which is 1,700 km to the south, The closest inhabited location is Tristan da Cunha island, 2,250 km to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>Nyrøysa is a 2 by terrace located on the north-west coast of the island. Created by a rock slide sometime between 1955 and 1957, it is the island&#39;s easiest access point. The north-west corner is the peninsula of Kapp Circoncision. From there, east to Kapp Valdivia, the coast is known as Morgenstiernekysten. Store Kari is an islet located 1.2 km east of the cape. From Kapp Valdivia, southeast to Kapp Lollo, on the east side of the island, the coast is known as Victoria Terrasse. From there to Kapp Fie at the southeastern corner, the coast is known as Mowinckelkysten. Svartstranda is a section of black sand which runs 1.8 km along the section from Kapp Meteor, south to Kapp Fie. After rounding Kapp Fie, the coast along the south side is known as Vogtkysten. The westernmost part of it is the 300 m long shore of Sjøelefantstranda. Off Catoodden, on the south-western corner, lies Larsøya, the only island of any size off Bouvetøya. The western coast from Catoodden north to Nyrøysa, is known as Esmarchkysten. Midway up the coast lies Norvegiaodden (Kapp Norvegia) and 0.5 km off it the skerries of Bennskjæra.</p><br>
<p>93 percent of the island is covered by glaciers, giving it a domed shape. and surrounded by several peaks. The tallest is Olavtoppen, 780 m above mean sea level (AMSL), followed by Lykketoppen (766 m AMSL) and Mosbytoppane (670 m AMSL). Below Wilhelmplatået is the main caldera responsible for creating the island. The last eruption took place 2000 BC, producing a lava flow at Kapp Meteor. The volcano is presumed to be in a declining state. The temperature 30 cm below the surface is 25 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s total coastline is 29.6 km. Landing on the island is very difficult, as it normally experiences high seas and features a steep coast. During the winter, it is surrounded by pack ice. The Bouvet Triple Junction is located 275 km west of Bouvet Island. It is a triple junction between the South American Plate, the African Plate and the Antarctic Plate, and of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Southwest Indian Ridge and the American–Antarctic Ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The island is located south of the Antarctic Convergence, giving it a marine Antarctic climate dominated by heavy clouds and fog. It experiences a mean temperature of −1 &deg;C, The peak temperature of 14 &deg;C was recorded in March 1980, caused by intense sun radiation. Spot temperatures as high as 20 &deg;C have been recorded in sunny weather on rock faces. The island predominantly experiences a weak west wind.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>The harsh climate and ice-bound terrain limits vegetation to fungi (ascomycetes including lichens) and non-vascular plants (mosses and liverworts). The flora are representative for the maritime Antarctic and are phytogeographically similar to the South Sandwich Islands and South Shetland Islands. Vegetation is limited because of the ice cover, although snow algae are recorded. The remaining vegetation is located in snow-free areas such as nunatak ridges and other parts of the summit plateau, the coastal cliffs, capes and beaches. At Nyrøysa, five species of moss, six ascomycetes (including five lichens), and twenty algae have been recorded. Most snow-free areas are so steep and subject to frequent avalanches that only crustose lichens and algal formations are sustainable. There are six endemic ascomycetes, three of which are lichenized.</p><br>
<p>The island has been designated as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding ground for seabirds. In 1978–79 there were an estimated 117,000 breeding penguins on the island, consisting of macaroni penguin and, to a lesser extent, chinstrap penguin and Adélie penguin, although these were only estimated to be 62,000 in 1989–90. Nyrøysa is the most important colony for penguins, supplemented by Posadowskybreen, Kapp Circoncision, Norvegiaodden and across from Larsøya. Southern fulmar is by far the most common non-penguin bird with 100,000 individuals. Other breeding seabirds consist of Cape petrel, Antarctic prion, Wilson&#39;s storm petrel, black-bellied storm petrel, subantarctic skua, southern giant petrel, snow petrel, slender-billed prion and Antarctic tern. Kelp gull is thought to have bred on the island earlier. Non-breeding birds which can be found on the island include the king penguin, wandering albatross, black-browed albatross, Campbell albatross, Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross, sooty albatross, light-mantled albatross, northern giant petrel, Antarctic petrel, blue petrel, soft-plumaged petrel, Kerguelen petrel, white-headed petrel, fairy prion, white-chinned petrel, great shearwater, common diving petrel, south polar skua and parasitic jaeger.</p><br>
<p>The only non-bird vertebrates on the island are seals, specifically the southern elephant seal and Antarctic fur seal, which both breed on the island. In 1998–99, there were 88 elephant seal pups and 13,000 fur seal pups at Nyrøysa. Humpback whale and killer whale are seen in the surrounding waters.</p><br>
<h2>Politics and government</h2><br>
<p>Bouvetøya is one of three dependencies of Norway. Unlike Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land, which are subject to the Antarctic Treaty System, Bouvetøya is not disputed. The dependency status entails that the island is not part of the Kingdom of Norway, but is still under Norwegian sovereignty. Specifically, this implies that the island can be ceded without violating the first article of the Constitution of Norway. Norwegian administration of the island is handled by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police, located in Oslo.</p><br>
<p>The annexation of the island is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933. It establishes that Norwegian criminal law, private law and procedural law apply to the island, in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid on the island. It further establishes that all land belongs to the state, and prohibits the storage and detonation of nuclear products. Bouvet Island has been designated with the ISO 3166-2 code BV and was subsequently awarded the country code top-level domain .bv on 21 August 1997. The domain is managed by Norid but is not in use. The exclusive economic zone surrounding the island covers an area of 441,163 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Fiction</h2><br>
<p>* The island figures prominently in the book A Grue of Ice (1962, published in the US as The Disappearing Island), an adventure novel based on Tristan da Cunha, Bouvet, and the mythical Thompson Island, by Geoffrey Jenkins.</p><br>
<p>* Bouvet is the setting of the 2004 movie Alien vs. Predator, in which it is referred to using its Norwegian name "Bouvetøya" even though in the unrated edition of the film, a satellite focuses in on the island which is geographically situated in the approximate location of Peter I Island.</p><br>
<p>* Bouvet features in the novel Warhead (2005) by Andy Remic.</p><br>
<p>* Bouvet features in the novel Batmans Schönheit (2010) by Heinrich Steinfest.</p><br>
<p>The Jerome H. Remick and Company Building is an early 20th-century office building located at 1250 Library Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It later became an annex of the J. L. Hudson Company, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jerome H. Remick & Company commissioned the three-story building in 1907. Remick was a leading publisher of ragtime music and housed his offices and printing facilities in the structure until 1915. Around this time, the upper three floors were added. Hudsons occupied the building in 1917, first to house its toy department and later as its music store. When the music merchandise was incorporated into Hudsons main store one-block west, the building was unused for several years until it became home of the Berry Rug Company for seven-years beginning in 1935. In 1942, appliance retailer The Good Housekeeping Shop, opened and called the building home until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, Fieldstone Properties, owned by brothers Tom and David Carleton, purchased the building and immediately began construction of high-end residential lofts. To date, 6 residential lofts exist on the upper floors. Mindfield, a media company owned by the Carleton brothers and business partner Sean Emery, also occupies space in the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jerome H. Remick and Company Building is a six-story building of wood post and beam construction, with red brick walls and limestone detail work. The facade has three bays of triplet windows on all six floors.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Vicente&#39;s Cuban Cuisine occupies the ground floor of the building, and the upper floors have been restored and are used as residential lofts.</p><br>
<p>On October 1, 2011, a resident of the lofts adorned the buildings 3rd story windows with the message, GO TIGERS, in support of the Detroit Tigers, who were competing in Major League Baseballs postseason playoffs.</p><br>
<p>The Hudson County Courthouse or Justice William J. Brennan Jr. Courthouse is located in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The six-story structure was originally built between 1906 and 1910 at a cost of $3,328,016.56. It is considered to be an outstanding example of the Beaux-Arts architectural style in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was used as the primary seat of government for Hudson County from its opening on September 20, 1910 until the construction of the Hudson County Administration Building in 1966. The courthouse was vacant for many years and was scheduled for demolition. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1970. Restoration began in the mid-1970s, and the building was reopened in 1985. In 1984, the Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the building in honor of Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr. The restoration of the courthouse was acknowledged by a Victorian Society in America Preservation Award in 1988.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017 the courthouse has eight working courtrooms and also houses the offices of the County Executive, the Hudson County Surrogate and the Hudson County Bar Association; in the past it has been used in a number of television programs and movies, including scenes in the television series Law & Order, and for commercials.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Courthouse was designed by Jersey City native Hugh Roberts, twice a president of the New Jersey Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. Roberts, brother-in-law of future United States Senator and New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards, received a direct appointment as architect. No competition or bidding for designs was held, causing controversy among local architects. The property on which the courthouse stands was obtained from fourteen separate property owners between 1905 and 1914. The groundbreaking took place on March 21, 1906 and the cornerstone was laid on December 12, 1906. Construction of the building was done by Wells Brothers of New York City and construction of the interiors and finishes were by John Gill & Son of Cleveland, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is constructed of granite quarried in Hallowell, Maine. The front of the building is visually dominated by four Corinthian columns and a frieze above the main entrance bearing the inscription "Precedent Makes Law; If You Stand Well, Stand Still."</p><br>
<h2>Interiors</h2><br>
<p>Roberts delegated the assignment of artwork to the muralist Francis David Millet, noted for his work as decorations director for the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition in Chicago; Millet assigned himself two lunettes on the third floor and a dozen small panels in the second floor corridors. Also on the third floor, Millet assigned two lunettes to Charles Yardley Turner, as well as eight more to Kenyon Cox. Cox also provided the groined ceilings. Edwin Blashfield painted the glass dome and the four pendentives between its supporting arches. The Tudor-style legislative chamber of the Board of Freeholders on the second floor was adorned with murals by Howard Pyle depicting early life of the Dutch and English in New Jersey. This room has been called "one of the handsomest legislative chambers in the United States."</p><br>
<p>David G. Lowe, writing in American Heritage magazine, described the interior of the building:</p><br>
<p>"The courthouse interior is a rush of color—pearl gray and green-veined marbles, golden light fixtures, yellow, green, and blue paint. Standing in the great central court, one looks up the three stories of the magnificent rotunda to a dome whose outer rim is painted with the signs of the zodiac and whose center is an eye of stained glass worthy of Tiffany. One feels—as one does in the rotunda at the heart of the Capitol in Washington—the dignity of government and the permanence of law."</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Plans for restoring the courthouse had been proposed even before it fell into disuse. In 1961, the architectural modelist Theodore Conrad proposed converting the building into a new city hall for Jersey City. The plan would have created a mall in front of the building and surrounded it with additional city buildings and a museum. Another proposal would house a branch of the New Jersey State Museum in the building. Conrad led a citizens group that lobbied for the preservation of the building, and got it listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The award-winning restoration project resulted in the courthouse being reopened in 1985 for the use of the civil courts and other county offices.</p><br>
<h2>Renaming</h2><br>
<p>The Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders renamed the courthouse in 1984 in honor of Associate Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, who had served in the building as Hudson County Assignment Judge from 1947 through 1951. Following the 1989 Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson, which Brennan authored, veterans groups petitioned unsuccessfully to have the name removed, but the Freeholders unanimously voted to retain the name.</p><br>
<p>Anderson House is an historic building located on GA 44 in Danburg, Georgia, United States and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Revival home probably incorporates an earlier structure built in the 1790s and may have been built by Dr. W.D. Quinn. John Anderson built the home as it now stands. The columns were made in Savannah and the mirrors and cornices were made in England. Fine furniture and imported curtains came from New York City and Chicago. The 24 foot by 35 foot banquet room and the old stone kitchen were located in a separate building connected to the main home by a breezeway.</p><br>
<p>The last Anderson to live in the home was Miss Pink Anderson. This was during the Great Depression and there was no money to maintain the home. The formal gardens and fountain were long gone and vines and undergrowth had taken over. The home set empty for many years until it was purchased in 1962 by Ernest Walker who painted and remodeled the home. The roof of the old kitchen and dining room had fallen in, with only the 16-18" walls standing, and was demolished. Richard Simms, who bought the home in 1972, added a welcoming porch in the back. They also added a picket fence where an original black iron fence had once been. The home is currently owned by Vinnie and Roderick Dowling. The front porch with its columns faced the formal gardens, fountains, and holly trees. It also had a greenhouse, brick walkways, and a gazebo.</p><br>
<p>A relative of Ernest Walker stated that when Walker purchased the Anderson House there were two slave cabins still intact directly behind the main house and that the cabins had sleeping lofts and were very spartan inside. They were made of pine. A canning shed was located directly west of the house, built in the style of the main house and somewhat ornate in decoration. In the attic of the main house there were old trunks filled with "day ledgers" from the store that served the community and the plantation dating to the late 1800s. Also in the attic were old dress-maker&#39;s forms and an assortment of old clothes.</p><br>
<p>The home is related to the Willis-Sale-Stennett House (1857) and the Chennault House (completed 1858).</p><br>
<p>Frying Pan Lake  is one of the world&#39;s largest hot pools. It is located in the Echo Crater of the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley, New Zealand and its acidic water maintains a temperature of about 50-60 &deg;C.</p><br>
<p>Echo Crater was formed as part of the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption, which opened several craters along a 17 km rift stretching southwest from Mount Tarawera to the nearby Southern Crater. After this event, the crater&#39;s floor partly filled with rainwater and heated groundwater, but it was not until after a large eruption in Echo Crater on 1 April 1917 that the resulting larger crater filled up from hot springs to reach its current size by mid 1918.</p><br>
<p>The most recent eruption in Echo Crater occurred on 22 February 1973, destroying the Trinity Terrace area on the south-eastern shore of Frying Pan Lake. An area of colourful sinter terraces is still visible on the western shore of the lake. To the north, the lake is bounded by the steaming Cathedral Rocks. This monolithic rock structure is composed of rhyolitic lava at least 60,000 years old and was named Gibraltar Rock until the 1917 Echo Crater eruption completely changed its shape. A fumarole known as the Devil&#39;s Blowhole in the northern wall of Echo Crater also disappeared in that event.</p><br>
<p>The water of Frying Pan Lake is typically steaming and can appear to be boiling due to carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide gas bubbling to the surface, however, the lakes average temperature is 55 &deg;C. The lake and its outflow, Waimangu Stream (referred to as Hot Water Creek in the Waimangu Wanderer Guide), have an average pH level of 3.8, even though some of the boiling hot springs and vents on the lakes bed feed it with alkaline water of pH 8.2 to 8.7. This leads to various gradients of pH levels, which govern which types of algae are present, the blue-green algae Mastigocladus laminosus, or the eukaryotic algae Cyanidium caldarium.</p><br>
<p>The unique cyclic nature of the hydrothermal system interconnecting Frying Pan Lake and the nearby Inferno Crater Lake has been the subject of studies since monitoring equipment was installed in 1970 at the outflow stream from Frying Pan Lake and at Inferno Crater Lake. Both lakes&#39; water levels and overflow volumes follow a complicated rhythm that repeats itself roughly every 38 days. When the water level and temperature of Inferno Crater Lake increase, the water level and outflow of Frying Pan Lake decrease.</p><br>
<p>The outflow volume of Frying Pan Lake has decreased from over 122 l/s in 1970 to around 100 l/s, but varies by up to 20 l/s as part of the 38-day cycle.</p><br>
<p>Frying Pan Lake is one of the first major attractions encountered along the wheelchair-friendly main Waimangu walking track. The site of the extinct Waimangu Geyser is located not far from its north-eastern shore.</p><br>
<p>The Kettle River Range, often called the Kettle Range, is a mountain range in far southeastern British Columbia, Canada and Ferry County, Washington, in the United States. Most of the northern half of range is protected by the Colville National Forest and the southern half of the range is located on the Colville Indian Reservation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Kettle River Range encompasses an area of 2,700 square miles and is a subrange of the Monashee Mountains, which in turn form part of the Columbia Mountains. The range runs north to south, bordered on the east by the Kettle River and the Columbia River, and on the west by the Kettle River, the Curlew Valley and the San Poil River. The mountainous region begins immediately north of the Canada–US border, at Grand Forks, British Columbia, extending 110 miles (177 km) south to the bend of the Columbia River and Lake Roosevelt, formed by Grand Coulee Dam, where it terminates. The Okanogan Highlands are adjacent to the range on the west, and the Selkirk Mountains are adjacent on the east.</p><br>
<p>The Sherman Pass Scenic Byway runs 40 mi east from the town of Republic, Washington across the center of the Kettle River Range and reaches its highest point at Sherman Pass, 5,575 ft, the highest mountain pass open all year in Washington state. The route is named for American Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman, who crossed the range in 1883.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prospectors and low-paid Chinese miners working claims in the Kettle River Range produced more than 839,000 ounces of gold between 1896 and 1959. The largest amounts came from the Republic District although 6,000 ounces of gold came from the Danville and Columbia River Districts. Terrace deposits 30 and 100 feet above the Columbia River at Keller also produced gold. Records state that during this time period, 164 lode mines, where thick mineral veins were worked with pick axes and shovels, and 35 placer mines, where minerals exposed by erosion were recovered from rivers and loose surface soil, operated in Ferry County.—From 1904 to 1928, the Kettle River Range was the largest producer of gold in the state. Mining operations yielded silver, copper, lead, zinc, platinum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, iron, and iron pyrite ("fool’s gold"), as well.</p><br>
<p>The White Mountain wildfire burnt and destroyed 21,000 acres of timber in the southern half of the range in 1988, including all but the easternmost flanks of White Mountain, Edds Mountain, Bald Mountain, and Snow Peak, north to Sherman Peak. The State of Washington has built several interesting interpretive sites and pull-outs along roads in the region that explain the devastation.</p><br>
<p>The Kettle Complex fires occurred in late summer of 2015. The complex included three fires – the Stickpin, Renner and Graves Mountain fires – burning south of the Canada–US border, west of Highway 395, north of State Route 20 and east of Highway 21. An estimated 73,392 Acres were burned.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Kettle River Range is a popular, all-season recreation area for hiking, sport and aided climbing, snowshoeing, and cross-country skiing. The Kettle Crest National Recreation Trail follows the backbone of the range, and may be accessed at the Kettle Crest Trailhead on the north or the Deer Creek Summit South/Sno-Park Trailhead on the south.</p><br>
<h2>Major summits</h2><br>
<p>Copper Butte, 7,139 ft, the highest summit in the Kettle River Range</p><br>
<p>Snow Peak, 7,103 ft,</p><br>
<p>Scar Mountain, 7,046 ft,</p><br>
<p>Wapaloosie Mountain, 7,018 ft,</p><br>
<p>Sherman Peak, 7,011 ft,</p><br>
<p>Bald Mountain, 6,940 ft,</p><br>
<p>White Mountain, 6,923 ft,</p><br>
<p>Columbia Mountain, 6,782 ft,</p><br>
<p>Midnight Mountain, 6,660 ft,</p><br>
<p>King Mountain, 6,634 ft,</p><br>
<p>Edds Mountain, 6,540 ft,</p><br>
<p>The Minnie Hill Palmer House, also known as The Homestead Acre, is the only remaining homestead cottage in the San Fernando Valley. The cottage is a redwood Stick-Eastlake style American Craftsman-Bungalow located on a 1.3 acre site in Chatsworth Park South in the Chatsworth section of Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Exercising their rights under the Homestead Act, James David and Rhonda Jane Hill settled in 1886 on 110 acre of land in what is now Chatsworth. The ranch was later expanded to 230 acre when the Hills bought an adjoining 120 acre ranch where the old stage stop, abandoned with the arrival of the railroads, had been located. Today, a 1.3 acre portion has been preserved and been recognized as a historic site. In late 1886, the Hills&#39; seventh child, Minnie (1886-1981) was born on the ranch. The Hill family built the surviving three-bedroom bungalow between 1911 and 1913 after the original homestead was torn down.</p><br>
<p>Minnie Hill married Alfred Palmer in 1908 and moved to Hawthorne, California, later relocating to Montana where she and her husband farmed. Minnie Hill Palmer and her husband returned to the Chatsworth homestead in 1920 when Minnie&#39;s mother became ill. Lovell inherited the property upon the death of their mother, and Minnie inherited it when Lovell died. She used an antique handplow to work on her fruits and vegetables every morning, plowing land located alongside the golf course, often having to remove errant golf balls as well as weeds from her garden. She continued to raise her own fruits and vegetables and canned 300 jars of old-fashioned jelly each year for Christmas gifts. She later recalled that gophers and coyotes were always a problem on the ranch. When fires devastated the area in 1970, she refused to evacuate and worked alongside firefighters to save the old homestead. The one modern convenience Ms. Palmer enjoyed was television soap operas, which she watched faithfully from 11 a.m. until 3:30 p.m. after working in the garden. When a reporter from the Los Angeles Times visited the homestead in 1968 to write a feature article about her, she cut the interview short at 11 a.m., noting that she refused to speak to visitors or answer the phone while her soap operas were on. She suffered a stroke in 1976 and spent her final years at the Mountain View Sanatarium in Sylmar, California. Palmer died in March 1981 at age 94.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership and operation as a museum</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead Acre and Palmer House have been preserved as they were in 1911 when the surviving cottage was built. It is owned by the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks and maintained by the Chatsworth Historical Society as a monument to the pioneers who homesteaded the San Fernando Valley. The city maintains the building&#39;s exterior, and the Chatsworth Historical Society maintains the interior. The park was closed in early 2008 when lead contamination was found, but the park re-opened in April 2008 after being found to be safe. The Chatsworth Historical Society conducts tours of the cottage by appointment for groups of 10 or more and on the first Sunday of the month from 1-4 p.m. Many of the trees and flowers on the property were planted by Minnie Hill Palmer and her family. According to the Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks, the Palmer House has become a popular location for weddings and private parties and is also rented as a movie location.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Hill Palmer House was designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #133) in 1974. Members of the City of Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission noted that the house warranted monument status based on the significant life cycle of Ms. Palmer at the property and the part she and her family and house played in the area&#39;s history. It was also listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is the last remaining homestead in the San Fernando Valley.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bizan is a mountain in Tokushima. Its name is formed of the kanji for eyebrow, and it is said to have earned this name because the mountain looks like an eyebrow from all views. Known as a symbol of Tokushima City, the name Mount Bizan appears in many school songs in the city district, such as the Tokushima Prefectural Jonan High School, Tokushima Municipal High School and many more. In 2007 Mount Bizan became widely known as the setting for a national movie of the same name, based on a book by Sada Masashi.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Due to its prominent position in the middle of Tokushima City, Mt. Bizan is widely recognised as one of the classic views of Tokushima City. It is also a well known area for cherry blossom viewing, and offers an almost 360 degree view of the surrounding area from its peak. On a clear day you can even see as far out to Awaji Island and distant Wakayama Prefecture on the shores of mainland Japan. The view at nighttime is equally impressive, and while it is not well known, the top of Mt. Bizan is one of Japan&#39;s most beautiful spots for nighttime scenery. The slopes of the mountain are home to several shrines and temples, and the peak is adorned with several tourist facilities, including a Burmese pagoda to honor fallen soldiers from World War II.</p><br>
<p>Despite earning a certain amount of fame from a national movie of the same name, the famous Wada no Ya store that used to stand at the mountains peak shifted down to the Awa Odori Kaikan Hall, and even today there is only a single small restaurant on top of the mountain. Since the area had little to offer in the way of tourist facilities, it was removed from many tourist courses and became a point of discussion amongst many of the local radio stations. Today it is widely accepted that while the scenery from Mt. Bizan is very pretty, it is very unfortunate that there is little for people to do there. However, it is expected that the movie may bring the area some added popularity that can be further used to work on the areas reputation.</p><br>
<h2>Broadcasting stations</h2><br>
<p>The area on top of Mt. Bizan is home to several broadcasting stations, including NHK Tokushima, Shikoku Hoso, and FM Tokushima. The signals broadcast from here reach mainly down into the Yoshino River Basin area, out across the waters to Hyogo Prefecture and Wakayama Prefecture and many other local areas. The area is also used as a broadcasting area for community radio stations such as FM Bizan, as well as digital TV.</p><br>
<h2>Bizan Ropeway</h2><br>
<p>The Bizan Ropeway is an aerial lift that provides access to the top of Mount Bizan. It is the only line Tokushima City Tourist Association operates, while the public company also operates Awa Odori Kaikan, a museum devoted to Awa Dance. The ropeway departs from the 5th floor of the museum. The line opened in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Statistics:</p><br>
<p>Distance: 787 m</p><br>
<p>Vertical interval: 242 m</p><br>
<p>Operational speed: 4 m/s</p><br>
<p>Passenger capacity per a cabin: 15</p><br>
<p>Cabins: 2</p><br>
<p>Gold Hill, in Grass Valley, California, was the site of one of the first discoveries of quartz gold in California. While quartz gold was also found in other areas of Nevada County, California during the same time, it is this find near Wolf Creek that led to quartz-mining frenzy and subsequent creation of the Gold Country quartz-mining industry. The location is honored as a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Knight (sometimes known as McKnight) was a California Gold Rush miner. In October 1850, he was on a Grass Valley hillside when he came across an outcropping of white quartz rock laced with yellow. He pounded the rock with a cast iron skillet and hammer, then washed out the gold. Searching for more gold in the same spot, he dug down into the outcropping and found a 4 in gold vein. His find was announced by another miner, George Crandall (1825–1908), who ran down to Boston Ravine, a small settlement nearby, with the news.</p><br>
<p>Knight named the location Gold Hill and his claim became the Gold Hill Mine. He and friends constructed a crude stamp mill made out of the local forests pine tree logs and equipped it with metal boots. The contraption was propelled by Wolf Creeks rushing water.</p><br>
<p>While Gold Hill Mine produced $4,000,000 between 1850–1857, it "pinched out" by 1864 and closed.</p><br>
<p>A 1940 geological survey of the Gold Hill Quartz Mine reported the host rock to be Diabase and Granodiorite and the mineral list showed gold, pyrite, and quartz.</p><br>
<h2>Historical landmark</h2><br>
<p>The site is honored as California Historical Landmark number 297. The plaque, located on the southwest corner of Jenkins Street and Hocking Avenue in Grass Valley reads:</p><br>
<p>The Scott Russell Aqueduct is an aqueduct carrying the Union Canal over the Edinburgh City Bypass, west of Edinburgh, Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The aqueduct was opened in May 1987 to carry the canal over the new Edinburgh City Bypass. This required a great deal of faith in the future of the canal, which culminated with the Millennium Link project when the Union Canal was connected with the Forth and Clyde Canal to form a coast to coast link. One proposal had been to not build an aqueduct to carry the canal across the new road, but instead build a marina to the west of the bypass.</p><br>
<p>It was named after the Scottish naval engineer John Scott Russell in a ceremony on 12 July 1995, who had discovered the soliton or solitary wave near Bridge 11 on the Union Canal in 1834. Russell had observed a bow wave continue to travel forward at a speed of 8 or when a boat stopped moving, and called it the "wave of translation."</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The aqueduct is the width of a single canal boat, and crosses the Bypass at a slight angle. It has five spans supported on three piers.</p><br>
<p>Divje Babe is a Karst cave and archaeological park overlooking the Idrijca river in Slovenia. It is noted for its Paleolithic remains, including the worked bone of cave bear known as the Divje Babe Flute, which has been interpreted as a Neanderthal musical instrument.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Divje Babe is located at 230 m above the valley of the river Idrijca. The Idrijca cuts through the Idrijsko and Cerkljansko hills, and opens to the Soča river.</p><br>
<h2>Paleontology</h2><br>
<p>The cave site (Divje Babe I) was excavated from 1978 to 1986 by Mitja Brodar, and again from 1989 to 1995 by Ivan Turk and Janez Dirjec. The excavations dug through 12 m of infilling consisting of 26 main sediment layers. Among the artifacts uncovered were Aurignacian finds, including a bone point (in layer 2 or 3) dated to around 35,000 years ago. Around eight layers from the Mesolithic have been excavated containing around 20 hearths, 600 stone tools and several bone artifacts. Numerous skeletal remains of the cave bear have also been found.</p><br>
<p>The Divje Babe Flute was found in layer 8, dated to the middle Paleolithic of 50,000 to 35,000 years ago. It was in close vicinity to a hearth, indicating the presence of prehistoric people, probably Neanderthals. The flute is a fragment of a thigh bone from a young cave bear with four recessed holes. The interpretation of the artifact as a flute is controversial, has been subject of fierce debate and more recent research suggests that the holes are hyena teeth marks.</p><br>
<p>The Bonnington Aqueduct is an aqueduct on the Union Canal, to the west of Edinburgh, Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original aquedect was 10 ft in diameter. The present aqueduct is a concrete replacement, opened in 1978 to allow the road beneath to be widened.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The canal and the roughly parallel M8 motorway pass over the B7030 Cliftonhall Road. The aqueduct is only the width of a single boat, meaning that boats may have to wait to pass. Just to the east of the aqueduct, the canal broadens and there is an island with a bird shelter.</p><br>
<p>On the canal, the aqueduct is located between Bridge 15 (Ratho Bridge) and Bridge 16 (Nellfield Bridge).</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct is named after the village of Bonnington to the south, near the border with West Lothian.</p><br>
<p>The L. B. King and Company Building is a commercial building located at 1274 Library Street in Detroit, Michigan. It is also known as the Annis Furs Building. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>L. B. King was born in Detroit in 1851, was educated in the city, and earned a BS degree from the University of Michigan in 1874. After graduation, King joined his father&#39;s crockery and glassware firm, which had been founded in 1849. He rose through the ranks to become president of the company in 1907, by which time the company was specializing as a china wholesaler.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, King engaged architects Rogers and MacFarlane to design this building as their offices; In 1988, the building was refurbished by Frank Z. Martin.</p><br>
<p>Both L. B. King and Company and Annis Furs were prominent commercial firms in the history of Detroit. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and the state of Michigan historic register in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The L. B. King and Company Building is a six-story commercial building with a steel frame with white terra cotta cladding on the facade. The facade of the lower two stories are virtually all glass; the upper four stories are divided into four vertical sections, each with Chicago-style windows. Atop the building is an elaborate Italian Renaissance cornice which was added in 1926. The building exemplifies the Commercial style of architecture that was extensively used in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Brandywine Creek, also formerly known as the Long John River after a local prospector and trapper, is a tributary of the Cheakamus River in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada, entering that stream via Daisy Lake, just below Brandywine Falls. The creek is about 14 km in length and originates on the south slope of Brandywine Mountain in Brandywine Meadows, at the southern end of the Powder Mountain Icefield and is the next basin immediately southwest of that of the Callaghan Valley, the site of the Nordic events facility for the 2010 Olympics. The creek&#39;s valley has been partially logged. An unnamed hot spring lies in its upper reaches, near Mount Fee.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The creek&#39;s name is derived from that of Brandywine Falls, which earned its name in the course of a wager over its height in which the wagers were a bottle of brandy and a bottle of wine.</p><br>
<p>Avramiou is a village in Messenia, southern Greece. It was built before 1816; it had 32 families then. During the Turkish occupation, it was a village of Koroni province, and became a village of Messini province and capital of Leukothea Municipality  in 1835. In August 1840, Avramiou became a village of Aristomenis Municipality; it was almost destroyed by earthquakes in 1846. The primary school of Avramiou was founded in 1860. Ten years after, Avramiou became the capital of Aristomeni Municipality. Today, it is a community of the municipality Messini. The community contains the villages Drakoneri, Agios Avgoustinos and Avramiou. In 2011, the population for Avramiou village was 334, and 466 for the community.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Avramiou is 10 km from Messini and 5.5 km from the beach. Some villages near Avramiou are: Lefkochora, Lykotrafos, Madena, Neochori, and Strefi.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
